HARDY WEINBERGE PRINCIPLE Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are genes located in DNA molecules

A

loci - specific position on DNA Molecules of chromosomes

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2
Q

what is diploid

A

having 2 sets of chromosomes which most organisms do!

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3
Q

are all chromosomes homologous pairs? if so what are the only ones that arent

A

yes they are, sex chromosomes

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4
Q

what is an example of an individual with two identical copies of allele and different alleles

A

ex BB or bb (homozygous)

Bb or bB(heterozygous)

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5
Q

how are the dominant forms of alleles expressed

A

as capital letters ex) B

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6
Q

what determines an organisms genotype

A

the combination of alleles at a specific loci

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7
Q

what are phenotypes

A

the observable traits of an organism that results from interaction of the genotypes and the environment

(i.e. dark wings)

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8
Q

what conditions must be met for no change in allele frequency over time

A

large population
equal mating opportunities
no mutations occur
no migrations occurs
no natural selection

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9
Q

what is the formula for a gene with only two alleles

A

P^2 + 2PQ + Q^2 = 1

p = frequency of dominant allele

q = frequency of recessive allele

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10
Q

what are 5 factors from the HARDY WEINBERG principle that can cause evolution

A

1) When a population is small, chance fluctuations can cause changes in allele frequencies
2. When mating opportunities are not random, preferred individuals will pass on their alleles in greater numbers
3. When genetic mutations occur, new alleles are created, changing the frequency of new and original alleles
4. When individuals migrate, they remove alleles from one population and add alleles to another
5. When natural selection occurs, individuals with greater success pass on their alleles in greater numbers

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11
Q

Genetic drift

where does it occur

what can it lead to

what may a population may face or experience

what can this lead to and what is this thing called

what happens as the new popoulation grows

A

Genetic Drift  a change in the genetic makeup of a population resulting from chance
 occurs in small populations
 genetic drift can lead to fixation of alleles, increasing the incidence of
homozygous recessive individuals and reducing genetic diversity
 a population may experience a bottleneck effect  drastically reduced
species numbers which results in a very small sample of alleles surviving to
establish a new population
 this can result in a founder effect  where the frequency of alleles will differ
from the original population
 as the new population grows, the allele frequencies may deviate further from
the original population

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12
Q

The hardy weinberg principle is …..

A

a method to quantify a gene pool by measuring the frequency

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13
Q

Genetic drift is ?

A

Genetic Drift  a change in the genetic makeup of a population resulting from chance

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14
Q

what is the bottle neck effect(apart of genetic drift)

A

drastically reduced
species numbers which results in a very small sample of alleles surviving to
establish a new population

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15
Q

what the founder effect (apart of genetic drift)

A

this can result in a founder effect  where the frequency of alleles will differ from the original population

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