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GRADE 11 > Gen Bio Membrane Structure and function > Flashcards

Gen Bio Membrane Structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

fluid mosaic, with protein molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

A

Membranes

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2
Q
  • Mosaic denotes
A

surface made of small pieces

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3
Q

A membrane is a “mosaic” in having

A

diverse protein molecules embedded

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4
Q

What keeps a membrane “fluid”?

A

-Kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails of some phospholipids
- cholesterol (in animal cells)

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5
Q

a cell may alter the molecular composition of its membranes as an adaptation to changing ___________

A

temperature

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6
Q

How do plants keeps the membranes from crystallizing during winter

A

increase their percentage of unsaturated phospholipids

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7
Q

membranes of certain hibernating animals are enriched in ___________

A

cholesterol,

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8
Q

Functions of Membrane Proteins

A
  • Transport
  • Enzymatic Activity
  • Sigmal Transduction
  • Cell-to-Cell recognition
  • Intercellular Joining
  • Attachment
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9
Q

the concept that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

A

selective permeability

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10
Q

What are found in the ECM

A
  • Cholesterol, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Glycolipids, Glycoproteins
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11
Q

2 Types of Proteins found in the Membrane

A
  • Integral Protein
  • Peripheral Protein
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12
Q

Proteins embedded in the membrane

A

Integral Proteins

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13
Q

proteins on the surface of membrane (on the cytoplasmic side)

A

peripheral proteins

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14
Q

Protein that functions in attachment; found in ECM attached by intermediate filaments

A

integrin

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15
Q

functions of membrane utilizing a signalling molecule attaching to receptor that will cause a change/response within cells

A

Sigmal Transduction

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16
Q

“glyco” used as __________ for recognition

A

markers

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17
Q

Function of Membrane that involves junctions and joining

A

Intercellular Joining

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18
Q

Function of Membrane in which enzymes embedded react to substrates

A

Enzymatic Act.

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19
Q

Reason for Selective Permeability of membranes

A
  • hydrophobic interior
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20
Q

___________, hydrophobic molecules can easily pass-through membranes.

A

Nonpolar

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21
Q

_____ and ______ are not soluble in lipids (may require transport proteins to enter or leave the cell).

A

Polar molecules and ions

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22
Q

DIFFUSION ACROSS A MEMBRANE WITH NO ENERGY INVESTMENT

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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23
Q

movement of molecules from an area where they are in high concentration to an area where the molecules are in low concentration

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

Because a cell does not have to do work when molecules diffuse across its membrane, such movement is called ___________

A

passive transport.

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25
Q

DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A MEMBRANE

A

osmosis

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26
Q

refers to the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

A

tonicity

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27
Q

The tonicity of a solution mainly depends on its concentration of________relative to the concentration of _________ inside the cell.

A

solutes ;solutes

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28
Q

When an animal cell, is immersed in a solution that is __________ to the cell, the cell’s volume remains constant.

A

isotonic

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29
Q

solute concentration of a cell and its isotonic environment are essentially equal, and the cell gains water at the same rate that it loses it.

A

isotonic

30
Q

What happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution

A

gains water, swells, and may burst (lyse)

31
Q

an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will

A

shrivel and die from water loss

32
Q

an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will

A

shrivel and die from water loss

33
Q

solution that has lower solute concentration than a cell

A

hypotonic

34
Q

solution with higher solute concentration

A

hypertonic

35
Q

In a hypotonic environment, a plant cell is __________ which is the healthy state for most plant cells.

A

turgid (very firm),

36
Q

. Although the plant cell swells as water enters by osmosis, the cell wall exerts a back pressure, called ____________, which prevents the cell from taking in too much water and bursting.

A

turgor pressure

37
Q

When a plant cell is surrounded by an isotonic solution, what happens?

A

there is no net movement of water into the cell, and the cell is flaccid (limp).

38
Q

In a hypertonic environment, a plant cell is no better off than an animal cell. As a plant cell loses water, it __________

A

shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

39
Q

How do polar or charged substances make it past the hydrophobic center of a membrane?

A

the help of specific transport proteins in a process called facilitated diffusion

40
Q

In all passive transport, the driving force is the __________

A

concentration gradient.

41
Q

2 types of transport protein structure

A
  • Channel proteins
  • Carrier Proteins
42
Q

After osmosis, water moves in equal rates which is called

A

dynamic equilibrium

43
Q

Another type of transport protein, that binds its passenger, changes shape, and releases the transported molecule on the other side.

A

carrier proteins

44
Q

Substances that use facilitated diffusion for crossing cell membranes include

A

sugars, amino acids, ions—and even water.

45
Q

the very rapid diffusion of water into and out of such cells is made possible by a protein channel called an ________

A

aquaporin

46
Q

cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient—

A

active transport

47
Q

what supplies energy for most active transport

A

ATP

48
Q

Example of ACtive transport

A

Sodium-Potassium pump
- higher potassium needed inside and lesser sodium

49
Q

A cell uses the process of __________to export bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides.

A

exocytosis (from the Greek exo, outside, and kytos, cell)

50
Q

A _________ buds from the Golgi apparatus and moves to the edge of the cell, where it fuses with the plasma membrane to transport substances.

A

transport vesicle

51
Q

a transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules or droplets of fluid.

A

Endocytosis

52
Q

What needs to be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin

A

Energy Barrier

53
Q

Energy must be absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new bonds can form. We call this the __________

A

activation energy (because it activates the reactants).

54
Q

Bulk transport that increases cell’s surface area

A

exocytosis

55
Q

what speeds up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers.

A

enzymes

56
Q

molecules that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

enzymes

57
Q

Structure of an enzyme

A

unique three-dimensional shape, and that shape determines the enzyme’s specificity

58
Q

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the

A

enzyme’s substrate

59
Q

A substrate fits into a region of the enzyme called the ________

A

active site

60
Q

Enzymes are specific because _________

A

only specific substrate molecules fit into their active sites.

61
Q

Optimal Temp and pH of an enzyme

A

35-40 deg cel
pH 6-8 9(except pepsin ph2)

62
Q

Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers called __________which bind to the active site and function in catalysis.

A

cofactors,

63
Q

T or F. The cofactors of some enzymes are organic

A

T coenzymes

64
Q

If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a _________

A

coenzyme.

65
Q

___________ BLOCK ENZYME ACTION AND CAN REGULATE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN A CELL

A

ENZYME INHIBITORS

66
Q

chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity

A

inhibitors

67
Q

reduces an enzyme’s productivity by blocking substrate molecules

A

competitive inhibitor

68
Q

Competitive inhibition can be overcome by

A

increasing the concentration of the substrate

69
Q

does not enter the active site. Instead, it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme, and its binding changes the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer fits the substrate

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

70
Q

_FEEDBACK INHIBITION HELPS REGULATE ______

A

METABOLISM

71
Q

ToF the lower the activation energy the faster the reaction

A

T

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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