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GRADE 11 > ES Q2 FIRST > Flashcards

ES Q2 FIRST Flashcards

1
Q

physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the surface.

A

Weathering

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2
Q

Types of Weathering

A
  • Physical Weathering
  • Chemical Weathering
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3
Q

mechanical or physical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces(sediments), without a change in the mineral’s chemical composition.

A

Physical Weathering

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4
Q

Types of Physical Weathering

A

a. Frost Action
b. PLants and Animals
c. Exfoliation Dome
d. Temperature Changes
e. Abrasion

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5
Q

process by which chemicals breakdown rock through a change in the mineral’s composition, happens fastest in a hot, moist climate.

A

Chemical Weathering

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6
Q

water freezes in a crack in the rock surface, expanding and splitting the rock

A

Frost Action

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7
Q

_______________ form potholes and frost heave.

A

Alternate freezing and thawing

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8
Q

plant roots force their way into cracks, and animals uncover rock and expose it to the elements

A

Plants and Animals

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9
Q

layers of rock peel off the main body of the rock.

A

Exfoliation Dome

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10
Q

alternating hot and cold temperatures weaken the rock as it expands and contracts

A

Temperature Changes

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11
Q

pieces of rock collide with each other due to transportation by wind, ice, water and gravity.

A

Abrasion

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12
Q

occurs when oxygen from the air combines with iron-rich minerals of the rock, oxidation = RUST

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

occurs when water combines with carbon dioxide in the air to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid easily dissolves rocks like limestone and marble.

A

Carbonation

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14
Q

water combines with minerals such as mica and feldspar found in granite, to form clay, the rock weakens and crumbles apart.

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

reaction with acid

A

Dissolution

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16
Q

reaction with organisms

A

Microbial Activity

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17
Q

TYpes of Chemical Weathering

A

Oxidation
Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Dissolution
Microbial activity

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18
Q
  • rate and type of weathering are dependent on ____________to air, water and living things.
A

Exposure

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19
Q
  • The greater the amount of rock ________ the greater the weathering.
  • This is a direct relationship.
A

exposed

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20
Q

an increase in _________ increases the rate of weathering.

A

surface area; Particle Size

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21
Q

T or F. rocks made of harder minerals weather slower than rocks made of softer minerals. What factor of weathering is stated?

A

TRUE; Mineral Composition

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22
Q

T OR F. physical and chemical weathering are affected by climate.

A

T

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23
Q

In cold and moist climates, what type of weathering is dominant?

A

Physical

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24
Q

In hot and moist climates, ________ weathering is dominant.

A

chemical

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25
Q

the Major ingredient that promotes weathering in both physical and chemical

A

water

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25
Q

the Major ingredient that promotes weathering in both physical and chemical

A

water

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26
Q

T or F. as time goes on, less weathering occurs due to modernization

A

FALSE

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27
Q

excavation of land, mining, building, etc. are factors affecting the rate of weathering done by __________

A

humans

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28
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of weathering

A
  • Exposure
  • Particle Size
  • Mineral Composition
  • Climate
  • Time
  • Humans
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29
Q

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY & QUANTITY OF SOIL

A
  • Farming
  • Mining
  • Construction of Structures
  • Improper waste disposal
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30
Q

Importance of soil

A
  • medium for plant growth
  • habitat
  • filtration system of surface water
  • carbon store and maintenance of atmospheric gases
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31
Q

________ affects quantity and qual of soil because of the addition of nutrients to their soil

A

Farming

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32
Q

involves the removal of plants that can cause exposure to air and water speeding up the process of chemical weathering

A

Mining (strip and open pit)

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33
Q

type of pollution caused by the speeing up of chemical weathering

A

acid drainage

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34
Q

digging up soil is necessary for this but it causes the soil to wash or be blown away which ten cause the rivers and lakes to be muddy

A

Construction of Structures

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35
Q

number of contaminants including heavy metals penetrate the soil

A

Improper waste disposal

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36
Q

Ways in conserving and Protecting the Soil

A
  • Plant Trees
  • Build Terraces
  • No-Till Farming
  • Contour Plowing
  • Crop Rotation
  • Maintain Soil pH
  • Water the soil
  • Salinity Management
  • Grow indigenous crops
  • Promote Helpful Soil Organisms
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37
Q

Solutions for waste disposal

A
  • proper waste segregation
  • compost your waste
  • recycling
  • use less plastic
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38
Q

How is water distributed on Earth

A

97% is ocean/saltwater
2% is frozen in icecaps/glaciers
.5% non-consumable water on land
.5 % freshwater available for consumption

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39
Q

5 Oceans in the World

A
  • Pacific
  • Indian
  • Atlantic
  • Antarctic
  • Southern
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40
Q

largest ocean

A

Pacific

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41
Q

warmest ocean

A

Indian

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42
Q

most travel route ocean

A

Atlantic

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43
Q

newest ocean

A

Southern

44
Q

second largest ocean

A

Atlantic

45
Q

smallest ocean

A

Arctic

46
Q

Pacific ocean contains ___% of world’s seawater

A

48

47
Q

Atlantic ocean contains ___% of world’s seawater

A

23

48
Q

contains 40% of world’s oil production

A

Indian

49
Q

ocean with seafloor spreading

A

Atlantic

50
Q

ocean located near North Pole

A

Arctic

51
Q

location of the southern ocean

A

60 degrees S latitude

52
Q

monsoons occur here

A

Indian Ocean

53
Q

water that collects between bits of rock and soil

A

Groundwater

54
Q

how does groundwater reach the earth’s surface

A

through wells, springs, geysers

55
Q

what is the difference between a river and a lake/pond

A

rivers are running water while lakes are still water

56
Q

90% of continental surface water is found in ________

A

lakes

57
Q

growth of towns and cities that results from the movement of people from rural areas into the urban areas.

A
  • Urbanization
58
Q

Why is water important?

A

shapes Earth’s surface and affects Earth’s weather and climates. , for good health.

59
Q

There is lots of water, so what’s the problem?

A

small volume of fresh surface and groundwater is a limited resource.

60
Q

Where do we get fresh water?

A
  • Earth’s fresh liquid water is found as surface water and groundwater., aquifer
61
Q

any body of water above the ground. It includes liquid salt or fresh water, as well as solid water, like snow and ice.

A
  • Surface water
62
Q
  • Water may seep below the surface to become ___________. It is found in spaces in rocks or in soil, where it can be liquid or frozen
A

groundwater

63
Q

body of rock or sediment that can store a lot of water and allows water to flow easily through it.

A

aquifer

64
Q

Aquifers store water in spaces called _______

A

pores

65
Q

In polar regions, water is often frozen in a layer of soil called ________

A

permafrost.

66
Q

measure of how clean or polluted water is.

A
  • Water quality
67
Q

availability of water. It influences where people can farm and build cities.

A
  • Water supply
68
Q

carry water from groundwater or surface waters so people can use the water.

A
  • Water supply systems
69
Q

What threatens fresh water quality?

A
  • water pollution
  • Point-source pollution
  • Nonpoint - source pollution
  • thermal pollution.
  • Chemical pollution
  • Biological pollution
  • Wastewater
  • Eutrophication
70
Q

When waste or other material is added to water so that it is harmful to organisms that use it or live in it, __________ occurs

A

water pollution

71
Q

pollution that comes from one specific site. It can usually be controlled once its source is found

A
  • Point-source pollution
72
Q

pollution that comes from many small sources and is more difficult to control.

A
  • Nonpoint - source pollution
73
Q

Any heating of natural water that results from human activity is called _________

A

thermal pollution.

74
Q

occurs when harmful chemicals are added to water supplies.

A

Chemical pollution

75
Q

Two major sources of chemical pollution

A

industry and agriculture. /acid rain

76
Q

occurs when live or dead organisms are added to water supplies.

A

Biological pollution

77
Q

any water that has been used by people for such purposes as flushing toilets, showering, or washing dishes.

A
  • Wastewater
78
Q

is an increase in the amount of nutrients in water.

A

Eutrophication

79
Q

occurs when human activity increases nutrient levels in the water.

A
  • Artificial eutrophication
80
Q

Water in nature usually contains _________

A

dissolved solids.

81
Q

Measurement of water quality includes _____________

A

testing the levels of dissolved oxygen,
pH,
temperature,
dissolved solids,
and microbial content.

82
Q

How is water treated for human use?

A

wastewater treatment plant.

83
Q

Water that is suitable to drink is called _________.

A

potable water

84
Q

Who monitors and protects our water quality?

A

Environmental Protection Agency

85
Q

How does water get to the faucet?

A

water supply systems.
- Water supply and storage systems
reservoir
water treatment and distribution process.

86
Q

The water in a reservoir would have naturally flowed to the sea. Instead, it can be diverted into a pipeline or into artificial channels called __________

A

canals or aqueducts.

87
Q

What threatens our water supply?

A
  • Water shortages
88
Q

Water shortages can be caused by _______

A

increased demand for use,
droughts, and
leaking water pipes.

89
Q

When more water is taken from an aquifer than can be replaced, what will happen

A

the water table can drop,
rivers and streams may dry up,
and soil may collapse, or subside.

90
Q

In coastal areas, the overuse of groundwater can cause seawater to seep into the aquifer in a process called ____________

A

saltwater intrusion.

91
Q

What are the different types of land use?

A

recreation,
transportation,
agriculture,
residence,
commerce, and
industry.

92
Q

____________ are places that humans have left alone or restored to a natural state. It includes forests, grasslands, and desert areas.

A

Natural areas

93
Q

Much of the open land in rural areas is used for __________

A

agriculture

94
Q

T or F. Residential areas can be rural or urban.

A

T

95
Q

growth of urban areas caused by people moving into the cities.

A
  • Urbanization
96
Q

Why is soil important?

A
  • provides habitat for organisms
  • Plants get water and nutrients from the soil
  • Soil holds plant roots in place.
  • Soil stores water and nutrients
  • also part of the nutrient cycle.
97
Q

are organisms that break down dead animal and plant material. _____________such as fungi and bacteria live in _______

A

Decomposers; soil

98
Q

How can human activities affect land and soil?

A

Some activities can restore land to its natural state, and other activities can degrade land.
- land degradation
- urban sprawl
- erosion
- desertification
- deforestation

99
Q

process by which human activity and natural processes damage land to the point that it can no longer support the local ecosystem

A

Land degradation

100
Q

When urbanization occurs at the edge of a city or town, it is called_________

A

urban sprawl

101
Q

___________ replaces forests, fields, and grasslands with houses, roads, schools, and shopping areas.

A

urban sprawl

101
Q

___________ decreases the amount of farmland available for growing crops, and it decreases the amount of natural areas that surround cities.

A

urban sprawl

102
Q

process by which wind, water, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one place to another.

A
  • Erosion
103
Q

-Erosion can speed up when land is __________

A

degraded or cleared for farming, exposing the soil to blowing wind and running water

104
Q

What’ll happen if the same crops are planted year after year

A

Soil nutrients can get used up

105
Q

process by which land becomes more desertlike and unable to support life.

A
  • Desertification
106
Q

What leads to desertification

A

overgrazing, deforestation, urbanization

107
Q
  • The removal of trees and other vegetation from an area is called______
A

deforestation

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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