ES Q2 FIRST Flashcards
1
Q
physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the surface.
A
Weathering
2
Q
Types of Weathering
A
- Physical Weathering
- Chemical Weathering
3
Q
mechanical or physical breakdown of rock into smaller pieces(sediments), without a change in the mineral’s chemical composition.
A
Physical Weathering
4
Q
Types of Physical Weathering
A
a. Frost Action
b. PLants and Animals
c. Exfoliation Dome
d. Temperature Changes
e. Abrasion
5
Q
process by which chemicals breakdown rock through a change in the mineral’s composition, happens fastest in a hot, moist climate.
A
Chemical Weathering
6
Q
water freezes in a crack in the rock surface, expanding and splitting the rock
A
Frost Action
7
Q
_______________ form potholes and frost heave.
A
Alternate freezing and thawing
8
Q
plant roots force their way into cracks, and animals uncover rock and expose it to the elements
A
Plants and Animals
9
Q
layers of rock peel off the main body of the rock.
A
Exfoliation Dome
10
Q
alternating hot and cold temperatures weaken the rock as it expands and contracts
A
Temperature Changes
11
Q
pieces of rock collide with each other due to transportation by wind, ice, water and gravity.
A
Abrasion
12
Q
occurs when oxygen from the air combines with iron-rich minerals of the rock, oxidation = RUST
A
Oxidation
13
Q
occurs when water combines with carbon dioxide in the air to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid easily dissolves rocks like limestone and marble.
A
Carbonation
14
Q
water combines with minerals such as mica and feldspar found in granite, to form clay, the rock weakens and crumbles apart.
A
Hydrolysis
15
Q
reaction with acid
A
Dissolution
16
Q
reaction with organisms
A
Microbial Activity
17
Q
TYpes of Chemical Weathering
A
Oxidation
Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Dissolution
Microbial activity
18
Q
- rate and type of weathering are dependent on ____________to air, water and living things.
A
Exposure
19
Q
- The greater the amount of rock ________ the greater the weathering.
- This is a direct relationship.
A
exposed
20
Q
an increase in _________ increases the rate of weathering.
A
surface area; Particle Size
21
Q
T or F. rocks made of harder minerals weather slower than rocks made of softer minerals. What factor of weathering is stated?
A
TRUE; Mineral Composition
22
Q
T OR F. physical and chemical weathering are affected by climate.
A
T
23
Q
In cold and moist climates, what type of weathering is dominant?
A
Physical
24
Q
In hot and moist climates, ________ weathering is dominant.
A
chemical
25
the Major ingredient that promotes weathering in both physical and chemical
water
25
the Major ingredient that promotes weathering in both physical and chemical
water
26
T or F. as time goes on, less weathering occurs due to modernization
FALSE
27
excavation of land, mining, building, etc. are factors affecting the rate of weathering done by __________
humans
28
What are the factors affecting the rate of weathering
- Exposure
- Particle Size
- Mineral Composition
- Climate
- Time
- Humans
29
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY & QUANTITY OF SOIL
- Farming
- Mining
- Construction of Structures
- Improper waste disposal
30
Importance of soil
- medium for plant growth
- habitat
- filtration system of surface water
- carbon store and maintenance of atmospheric gases
31
________ affects quantity and qual of soil because of the addition of nutrients to their soil
Farming
32
involves the removal of plants that can cause exposure to air and water speeding up the process of chemical weathering
Mining (strip and open pit)
33
type of pollution caused by the speeing up of chemical weathering
acid drainage
34
digging up soil is necessary for this but it causes the soil to wash or be blown away which ten cause the rivers and lakes to be muddy
Construction of Structures
35
number of contaminants including heavy metals penetrate the soil
Improper waste disposal
36
Ways in conserving and Protecting the Soil
- Plant Trees
- Build Terraces
- No-Till Farming
- Contour Plowing
- Crop Rotation
- Maintain Soil pH
- Water the soil
- Salinity Management
- Grow indigenous crops
- Promote Helpful Soil Organisms
37
Solutions for waste disposal
- proper waste segregation
- compost your waste
- recycling
- use less plastic
38
How is water distributed on Earth
97% is ocean/saltwater
2% is frozen in icecaps/glaciers
.5% non-consumable water on land
.5 % freshwater available for consumption
39
5 Oceans in the World
- Pacific
- Indian
- Atlantic
- Antarctic
- Southern
40
largest ocean
Pacific
41
warmest ocean
Indian
42
most travel route ocean
Atlantic
43
newest ocean
Southern
44
second largest ocean
Atlantic
45
smallest ocean
Arctic
46
Pacific ocean contains ___% of world's seawater
48
47
Atlantic ocean contains ___% of world's seawater
23
48
contains 40% of world's oil production
Indian
49
ocean with seafloor spreading
Atlantic
50
ocean located near North Pole
Arctic
51
location of the southern ocean
60 degrees S latitude
52
monsoons occur here
Indian Ocean
53
water that collects between bits of rock and soil
Groundwater
54
how does groundwater reach the earth's surface
through wells, springs, geysers
55
what is the difference between a river and a lake/pond
rivers are running water while lakes are still water
56
90% of continental surface water is found in ________
lakes
57
growth of towns and cities that results from the movement of people from rural areas into the urban areas.
- Urbanization
58
Why is water important?
shapes Earth’s surface and affects Earth’s weather and climates. , for good health.
59
There is lots of water, so what’s the problem?
small volume of fresh surface and groundwater is a limited resource.
60
Where do we get fresh water?
- Earth’s fresh liquid water is found as surface water and groundwater., aquifer
61
any body of water above the ground. It includes liquid salt or fresh water, as well as solid water, like snow and ice.
- Surface water
62
- Water may seep below the surface to become ___________. It is found in spaces in rocks or in soil, where it can be liquid or frozen
groundwater
63
body of rock or sediment that can store a lot of water and allows water to flow easily through it.
aquifer
64
Aquifers store water in spaces called _______
pores
65
In polar regions, water is often frozen in a layer of soil called ________
permafrost.
66
measure of how clean or polluted water is.
- Water quality
67
availability of water. It influences where people can farm and build cities.
- Water supply
68
carry water from groundwater or surface waters so people can use the water.
- Water supply systems
69
What threatens fresh water quality?
- water pollution
- Point-source pollution
- Nonpoint - source pollution
- thermal pollution.
- Chemical pollution
- Biological pollution
- Wastewater
- Eutrophication
70
When waste or other material is added to water so that it is harmful to organisms that use it or live in it, __________ occurs
water pollution
71
pollution that comes from one specific site. It can usually be controlled once its source is found
- Point-source pollution
72
pollution that comes from many small sources and is more difficult to control.
- Nonpoint - source pollution
73
Any heating of natural water that results from human activity is called _________
thermal pollution.
74
occurs when harmful chemicals are added to water supplies.
Chemical pollution
75
Two major sources of chemical pollution
industry and agriculture. /acid rain
76
occurs when live or dead organisms are added to water supplies.
Biological pollution
77
any water that has been used by people for such purposes as flushing toilets, showering, or washing dishes.
- Wastewater
78
is an increase in the amount of nutrients in water.
Eutrophication
79
occurs when human activity increases nutrient levels in the water.
- Artificial eutrophication
80
Water in nature usually contains _________
dissolved solids.
81
Measurement of water quality includes _____________
testing the levels of dissolved oxygen,
pH,
temperature,
dissolved solids,
and microbial content.
82
How is water treated for human use?
wastewater treatment plant.
83
Water that is suitable to drink is called _________.
potable water
84
Who monitors and protects our water quality?
Environmental Protection Agency
85
How does water get to the faucet?
water supply systems.
- Water supply and storage systems
reservoir
water treatment and distribution process.
86
The water in a reservoir would have naturally flowed to the sea. Instead, it can be diverted into a pipeline or into artificial channels called __________
canals or aqueducts.
87
What threatens our water supply?
- Water shortages
88
Water shortages can be caused by _______
increased demand for use,
droughts, and
leaking water pipes.
89
When more water is taken from an aquifer than can be replaced, what will happen
the water table can drop,
rivers and streams may dry up,
and soil may collapse, or subside.
90
In coastal areas, the overuse of groundwater can cause seawater to seep into the aquifer in a process called ____________
saltwater intrusion.
91
What are the different types of land use?
recreation,
transportation,
agriculture,
residence,
commerce, and
industry.
92
____________ are places that humans have left alone or restored to a natural state. It includes forests, grasslands, and desert areas.
Natural areas
93
Much of the open land in rural areas is used for __________
agriculture
94
T or F. Residential areas can be rural or urban.
T
95
growth of urban areas caused by people moving into the cities.
- Urbanization
96
Why is soil important?
- provides habitat for organisms
- Plants get water and nutrients from the soil
- Soil holds plant roots in place.
- Soil stores water and nutrients
- also part of the nutrient cycle.
97
are organisms that break down dead animal and plant material. _____________such as fungi and bacteria live in _______
Decomposers; soil
98
How can human activities affect land and soil?
Some activities can restore land to its natural state, and other activities can degrade land.
- land degradation
- urban sprawl
- erosion
- desertification
- deforestation
99
process by which human activity and natural processes damage land to the point that it can no longer support the local ecosystem
Land degradation
100
When urbanization occurs at the edge of a city or town, it is called_________
urban sprawl
101
___________ replaces forests, fields, and grasslands with houses, roads, schools, and shopping areas.
urban sprawl
101
___________ decreases the amount of farmland available for growing crops, and it decreases the amount of natural areas that surround cities.
urban sprawl
102
process by which wind, water, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one place to another.
- Erosion
103
-Erosion can speed up when land is __________
degraded or cleared for farming, exposing the soil to blowing wind and running water
104
What'll happen if the same crops are planted year after year
Soil nutrients can get used up
105
process by which land becomes more desertlike and unable to support life.
- Desertification
106
What leads to desertification
overgrazing, deforestation, urbanization
107
- The removal of trees and other vegetation from an area is called______
deforestation
