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GRADE 11 > GEN BIO: CARBS AND LIPIDS > Flashcards

GEN BIO: CARBS AND LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

These are carbon-based molecules.

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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2
Q

Simplest group of organic molecules. Contain only C and H atoms

A

Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

particular groupings of atoms that often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical reactivity, and solubility in aqueous solutions.

A

Functional groups

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4
Q

huge, highly organized molecules that form the structure and carry out the activities of cells

A

Biological macromolecules

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5
Q

long molecules built by linking together a huge number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers

A

polymers

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6
Q

T or F . Organic molecules, not fundamentally different from other, typical organic molecules. They are the same types of molecules, react in the same ways, and obey the same physical laws.

A

T

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7
Q

carbon skeleton can be in what forms

A

linear, branched, cyclic, or aromatic

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8
Q

to form a covalent bond between 2 monomers, an -OH group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom (H) is removed from the other

A

DEHYDRATION REACTION

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9
Q

T or F. Removal of -OH and -H is the same as the removal of a molecule of water (H20).

A

T

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10
Q

T or F. In Dehydration Reaction, for every subunit added, two water molecule is removed

A

F. (only one)

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11
Q

include simple sugars (monosaccharides) and larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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12
Q

The formula in which carbohydrates are derived from.

A

formula Cn(H2O)m

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13
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  • ENERGY STORAGE
  • STRUCTURAL MOLECULES
  • ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
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14
Q

This sugar cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides

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15
Q

Most common monosaccharides have how many Carbon atoms

A

3-8 or 3-7

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16
Q

suffix “ose” indicates that

A

molecule is a carbohydrate

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17
Q

prefixes trio, tetr, pent, and so forth indicate the

A

number of C atoms in the chain

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18
Q

THE 3 MOST ABUNDANT HEXOSES IN THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD; give one description each

A
  1. GLUCOSE: dextrose, grape sugar, and blood sugar
  2. GALACTOSE
  3. FRUCTOSE: sweetest sugar
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19
Q

molecules composed of only 2 sugar units joined by _____ bond

A

Disaccharides; glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world.

A

SUCROSE

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21
Q

present in the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains

A

Maltose

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22
Q

Starch is composed of ______ and ______.

A

amylose and amylopectin.

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23
Q

Most starches contain % amylose and % amylopectin.

A

20-25% amylose and 75-80% amylopectin.

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24
Q

Both amylose and amylopectin yield only _______ upon hydrolysis

A

D-glucose

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25
Q

unbranched chains of up to 4000 D-glucose units

A

Amylose

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26
Q

T or F. Amylopectin - chains up to 10,000 D-glucose units also joined by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds with considerable branching; at branch points, new chains of 24-30 units are started by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds

A

T

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27
Q

energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

Glucose units of these polysaccharides are joined by β-1,4- glycosidic bonds rather than α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

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29
Q

Difference between cellulose and Amylose in structure

A

In cellulose, the glucose chains lay side by side to make a thicker and stronger structure. And its glucose monomers are flipped relative to the next one resulting in a linear fibrous structure.

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30
Q

Polymer of Chitin

A

N-acetylglucosamine. or N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine

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31
Q

T or F. Polymers of Chitin are unbranched.

A

T

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32
Q

most abundant naturally occurring lipids

A

animal fats and vegetable oils (TAG)

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33
Q

long, unbranched-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid (COOH) at one end

A

FATTY ACIDS

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34
Q

T or F. all fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20

A

T

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35
Q

3 most abundant fatty acids in nature

A

palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid

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36
Q

What gives the fatty acid its acid property?

A

Carboxyl Group (COOH)

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37
Q

a spherical arrangement or organic molecules in water solution clustered so that their hydrophobic parts are buried inside the sphere and their hydrophilic parts are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with water.

A

MICELLE

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38
Q

What is formed when a phospholipid is dropped in water?

A

Micelle

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39
Q

Fatty acids differ from one another in _____ and _____

A

length of their hydrocarbon chain and the presence or absence of double bonds

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40
Q

What produces kinks in a fatty acid chain?

A

Double bonds in Cis configuration

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41
Q

T or F. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain

A

T

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42
Q

three-carbon polyalcohol

A

GLYCEROL

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43
Q

______ are esters of Glycerol and Fatty Acids

A

TAG

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44
Q

the melting point of a triglyceride increases as the number of _______ in its hydrocarbon chain increases

A

carbons

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45
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have _____ melting points than their saturated counterparts

A

lower

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46
Q

T or F. The lower the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point

A

F. The greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point

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47
Q

liquid TAGs rich in unsaturated fatty acids in room temperature are called

A

oils

48
Q

triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids (ex. palmitic, stearic, etc) are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature are called

A

fats

49
Q

fats of land animals ≈ ?% saturated fatty acids by weight

A

40-50%

50
Q

most plant oils - contain ____ or less saturated fatty acids and ____ or more unsaturated fatty acids

A

20% ; 80%

51
Q

solid shortenings, such as margarine, and other butter substitutes are formed from unsaturated vegetable oils by a process known as

A

hydrogenation

52
Q

________ is added to the hardened oils: gives a yellow color and makes it look like butter in the hydrogenation of oils

A

β-carotene

53
Q

hardening oil produces

A

trans fats

54
Q

T or F. gram of fat contains less than twice the energy content of carbohydrate

A

F. gram of fat contains more than twice the energy content of carbohydrate

55
Q

_______ store energy on a long-term basis and are stored in cells in the form of dry lipid droplets
in many animals, fats are stored in special cells (adipocytes)

A

fat reserves

56
Q

group of plant and animal lipids that have the tetracyclic ring system

A

Steroids

57
Q

Largely absent from plant cells, but plant cells may contain related compounds

A

CHOLESTEROL

58
Q

insoluble in blood plasma but can be transported as a plasma-soluble complex formed with proteins called lipoproteins

A

CHOLESTEROL

59
Q

transport cholesterol from liver to tissues and cells

A

Low-density lipoproteins

60
Q

transport cholesterol from liver to tissues and cells

A

Low-density lipoproteins

61
Q

transport excess and unused cholesterol from cells back to the liver for degradation to bile acids and excreted in feces)

A

High-density lipoproteins

62
Q

a steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that promotes tissue and muscle growth and development

A

anabolic steroid

63
Q

used rehabilitative medicine, particularly muscle atrophy during recovery from injury

A

synthetic anabolic steroids

64
Q

second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids found almost exclusively in plant and animal membranes

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

65
Q

Difference between Phospholipids and TAG

A

the molecule resembles a triacylglycerol, but has only two fatty acid chains rather than three; a diacylglycerol; third hydroxyl is bonded to a phosphate group

66
Q

Difference between Phospholipids and TAG

A

the molecule resembles a triacylglycerol, but has only two fatty acid chains rather than three; a diacylglycerol; the third hydroxyl is bonded to a phosphate group

67
Q

The most common non-polar molecule that attaches to the phosphate group of Phospholipids

A

Choline

68
Q

occurs only in the animal world (best sources: cod-liver oil other fish-liver oils, animal liver, and dairy products

A

Vitamin A or retinol

69
Q

in the form of a precursor, or provitamin,______ is found in the plant world in pigments called carotenes

A

Vitamin A

70
Q

best understood role of vit A is its participation in the

A

visual cycle

71
Q

play a major role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Vitamin D

72
Q

Group of compounds of similar structure; most active is α-tocopherol; antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

73
Q

required for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

74
Q

Some of the most abundant elements in
organisms include

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
sulfur, and phosphorus.

75
Q

Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain

A

carbon and hydrogen. In addition, they may contain oxygen, nitrogen, and additional elements

76
Q

T or F. Dehydration reactions involved the formation of new bonds requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.

A

T

77
Q

Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme carbohydrates by ______, proteins by ________ and
lipids by ______. The breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities.

A
  • amylase,sucrase, lactase, or
    maltase
  • peptides/proteases such as pepsin and trypsin;
  • lipases
78
Q

functional group with the shucture R-CHO

A

Aldehyde

79
Q

functional group with the structure
RC(=O)p’)

A

Ketone

80
Q

During cellular respiration, energy is released from glucose, and that energy is used to help make _________

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

81
Q

Excess glucose is often stored as _______ that is catabolized (the breakdown of larger molecules by cells) by humans and other animals that feed on plants

A

starch

82
Q

Monosaccharides are classified based on the ________ and the __________

A

position of their carbonyl group; the number of carbons in the backbone

83
Q

Aldoses have a carbonyl group at
the ________, and ketoses
have a carbonyl group in the _________

A
  • end of the carbon chain
  • middle of the carbon chain.
84
Q

Monosaccharides can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules; in aqueous solutions they are usually found in what form

A

ring forms

85
Q

Glucose in a ring form can have two different arrangements of the hydroxyl group (OH) around the anomeric carbon

A

If hydroxyl is below carbon 1 - alpha position
If hydroxyl is above carbon 1 - beta position

86
Q

T or F. The chains may be branched or
unbranched in polysaccharides

A

T

87
Q

The cells can then absorb what form of sugar by eating vegetables.

A

Glucose

88
Q

Starch is made up of glucose monomers that are joined by ______

A

a l-4 or l-6 glycosidic bonds.

89
Q

Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose in a process known as

A

glycogenolysis.

90
Q

________ is the most abundant natural biopolymer

A

Cellulose

91
Q

enzyme that break down cellulose

A

cellulase.

92
Q

T or F Carbohydrates need to be supplemented with proteins, vitamins, and fats to be part of a well-balanced diet.

A

TRUE

93
Q

gram of carbohydrate provides how many calories?

A

4.1 Kcal.

94
Q

Carbohydrates contain soluble and insoluble
elements; the insoluble part is known as _____

A

fiber which is most likely cellulose

95
Q

It binds to the cholesterol in the small intestine, then attaches to the cholesterol and prevents the cholesterol particles from entering the bloodstream.

A

Cellulose

96
Q

Lipids have hydrocarbons that include mostly only nonpolar
___________ bonds.

A

carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen

97
Q

Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of

A

fats.

98
Q

Fat molecules consist of 2 main components

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

99
Q

The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range
from _______; the most common are those containing ______ carbons.

A

4 to 36; l2-18

100
Q

In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an _____bond through an oxygen atom

A

ester

101
Q

Stearic acid is what type of fatty acid

A

Saturated fatty acid

102
Q

Mammals store fats in specialized cells called

A

adipocytes,

103
Q

Oleic acid is what type of acid

A

unsaturated fatty acid

104
Q

Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are called

A

oils.

105
Q

process when hydrogen gas is bubbled through oils to solidify them

A

Hydrogenation

106
Q

fatty acids required but not synthesized by the
human body.

A

Essential fatty acids

107
Q

two known essential fatty acids for humans

A

Omega-3 fatty acids; omega-6 fatty acid)

108
Q

two known essential fatty acids for humans

A

Omega-3 fatty acids; omega-6 fatty acid)

109
Q

The farthest carbon away from the carboxyl group is numbered as the

A

omega (ro) carbon.

110
Q

omega-3 fatty acids are Nutritionally important because the body does not make them, omega-3 fatty acids include (ALA), (EPA), (DHA)

A

alpha-linoleic acid (ALA),
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

111
Q

________ are made up of long fatty acid chains esterified to long-chain alcohols.

A

Waxes

112
Q

major constituents of the plasma membrane,

A

Phospholipids

113
Q

Like fats, Phospholipids are composed of fatty acid
chains attached to a glycerol or _________.

A

sphingosine backbone

114
Q

The phosphate group alone attached to a diacylglycerol does not qualify phospholipid; it is _________, the precursor of phospholipids.

A

phosphatidate (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate)

115
Q

The head(HYDROPHILIC) of a phospholipid is composed of

A

Glycerol attached to a phosphate group

116
Q

most common steroid.

A

CHOLESTEROL

117
Q

Cholesterol is also the precursor to _____ and
_______, which help in the emulsification of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells.

A

Vitamin D; bile salts

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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