GEN BIO: CARBS AND LIPIDS Flashcards
1
Q
These are carbon-based molecules.
A
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2
Q
Simplest group of organic molecules. Contain only C and H atoms
A
Hydrocarbons
3
Q
particular groupings of atoms that often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical reactivity, and solubility in aqueous solutions.
A
Functional groups
4
Q
huge, highly organized molecules that form the structure and carry out the activities of cells
A
Biological macromolecules
5
Q
long molecules built by linking together a huge number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers
A
polymers
6
Q
T or F . Organic molecules, not fundamentally different from other, typical organic molecules. They are the same types of molecules, react in the same ways, and obey the same physical laws.
A
T
7
Q
carbon skeleton can be in what forms
A
linear, branched, cyclic, or aromatic
8
Q
to form a covalent bond between 2 monomers, an -OH group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom (H) is removed from the other
A
DEHYDRATION REACTION
9
Q
T or F. Removal of -OH and -H is the same as the removal of a molecule of water (H20).
A
T
10
Q
T or F. In Dehydration Reaction, for every subunit added, two water molecule is removed
A
F. (only one)
11
Q
include simple sugars (monosaccharides) and larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks
A
CARBOHYDRATES
12
Q
The formula in which carbohydrates are derived from.
A
formula Cn(H2O)m
13
Q
Functions of Carbohydrates
A
- ENERGY STORAGE
- STRUCTURAL MOLECULES
- ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
14
Q
This sugar cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate
A
Monosaccharides
15
Q
Most common monosaccharides have how many Carbon atoms
A
3-8 or 3-7
16
Q
suffix “ose” indicates that
A
molecule is a carbohydrate
17
Q
prefixes trio, tetr, pent, and so forth indicate the
A
number of C atoms in the chain
18
Q
THE 3 MOST ABUNDANT HEXOSES IN THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD; give one description each
A
- GLUCOSE: dextrose, grape sugar, and blood sugar
- GALACTOSE
- FRUCTOSE: sweetest sugar
19
Q
molecules composed of only 2 sugar units joined by _____ bond
A
Disaccharides; glycosidic bonds
20
Q
Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world.
A
SUCROSE
21
Q
present in the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains
A
Maltose
22
Q
Starch is composed of ______ and ______.
A
amylose and amylopectin.
23
Q
Most starches contain % amylose and % amylopectin.
A
20-25% amylose and 75-80% amylopectin.
24
Q
Both amylose and amylopectin yield only _______ upon hydrolysis
A
D-glucose
25
unbranched chains of up to 4000 D-glucose units
Amylose
26
T or F. Amylopectin - chains up to 10,000 D-glucose units also joined by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds with considerable branching; at branch points, new chains of 24-30 units are started by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds
T
27
energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals
Glycogen
28
Glucose units of these polysaccharides are joined by β-1,4- glycosidic bonds rather than α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
Cellulose
29
Difference between cellulose and Amylose in structure
In cellulose, the glucose chains lay side by side to make a thicker and stronger structure. And its glucose monomers are flipped relative to the next one resulting in a linear fibrous structure.
30
Polymer of Chitin
N-acetylglucosamine. or N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine
31
T or F. Polymers of Chitin are unbranched.
T
32
most abundant naturally occurring lipids
animal fats and vegetable oils (TAG)
33
long, unbranched-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid (COOH) at one end
FATTY ACIDS
34
T or F. all fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20
T
35
3 most abundant fatty acids in nature
palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid
36
What gives the fatty acid its acid property?
Carboxyl Group (COOH)
37
a spherical arrangement or organic molecules in water solution clustered so that their hydrophobic parts are buried inside the sphere and their hydrophilic parts are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with water.
MICELLE
38
What is formed when a phospholipid is dropped in water?
Micelle
39
Fatty acids differ from one another in _____ and _____
length of their hydrocarbon chain and the presence or absence of double bonds
40
What produces kinks in a fatty acid chain?
Double bonds in Cis configuration
41
T or F. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain
T
42
three-carbon polyalcohol
GLYCEROL
43
______ are esters of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
TAG
44
the melting point of a triglyceride increases as the number of _______ in its hydrocarbon chain increases
carbons
45
unsaturated fatty acids have _____ melting points than their saturated counterparts
lower
46
T or F. The lower the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point
F. The greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point
47
liquid TAGs rich in unsaturated fatty acids in room temperature are called
oils
48
triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids (ex. palmitic, stearic, etc) are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature are called
fats
49
fats of land animals ≈ ?% saturated fatty acids by weight
40-50%
50
most plant oils - contain ____ or less saturated fatty acids and ____ or more unsaturated fatty acids
20% ; 80%
51
solid shortenings, such as margarine, and other butter substitutes are formed from unsaturated vegetable oils by a process known as
hydrogenation
52
________ is added to the hardened oils: gives a yellow color and makes it look like butter in the hydrogenation of oils
β-carotene
53
hardening oil produces
trans fats
54
T or F. gram of fat contains less than twice the energy content of carbohydrate
F. gram of fat contains more than twice the energy content of carbohydrate
55
_______ store energy on a long-term basis and are stored in cells in the form of dry lipid droplets
in many animals, fats are stored in special cells (adipocytes)
fat reserves
56
group of plant and animal lipids that have the tetracyclic ring system
Steroids
57
Largely absent from plant cells, but plant cells may contain related compounds
CHOLESTEROL
58
insoluble in blood plasma but can be transported as a plasma-soluble complex formed with proteins called lipoproteins
CHOLESTEROL
59
transport cholesterol from liver to tissues and cells
Low-density lipoproteins
60
transport cholesterol from liver to tissues and cells
Low-density lipoproteins
61
transport excess and unused cholesterol from cells back to the liver for degradation to bile acids and excreted in feces)
High-density lipoproteins
62
a steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that promotes tissue and muscle growth and development
anabolic steroid
63
used rehabilitative medicine, particularly muscle atrophy during recovery from injury
synthetic anabolic steroids
64
second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids found almost exclusively in plant and animal membranes
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
65
Difference between Phospholipids and TAG
the molecule resembles a triacylglycerol, but has only two fatty acid chains rather than three; a diacylglycerol; third hydroxyl is bonded to a phosphate group
66
Difference between Phospholipids and TAG
the molecule resembles a triacylglycerol, but has only two fatty acid chains rather than three; a diacylglycerol; the third hydroxyl is bonded to a phosphate group
67
The most common non-polar molecule that attaches to the phosphate group of Phospholipids
Choline
68
occurs only in the animal world (best sources: cod-liver oil other fish-liver oils, animal liver, and dairy products
Vitamin A or retinol
69
in the form of a precursor, or provitamin,______ is found in the plant world in pigments called carotenes
Vitamin A
70
best understood role of vit A is its participation in the
visual cycle
71
play a major role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Vitamin D
72
Group of compounds of similar structure; most active is α-tocopherol; antioxidant
Vitamin E
73
required for blood clotting
Vitamin K
74
Some of the most abundant elements in
organisms include
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
sulfur, and phosphorus.
75
Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain
carbon and hydrogen. In addition, they may contain oxygen, nitrogen, and additional elements
76
T or F. Dehydration reactions involved the formation of new bonds requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.
T
77
Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme carbohydrates by ______, proteins by ________ and
lipids by ______. The breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities.
- amylase,sucrase, lactase, or
maltase
- peptides/proteases such as pepsin and trypsin;
- lipases
78
functional group with the shucture R-CHO
Aldehyde
79
functional group with the structure
RC(=O)p')
Ketone
80
During cellular respiration, energy is released from glucose, and that energy is used to help make _________
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
81
Excess glucose is often stored as _______ that is catabolized (the breakdown of larger molecules by cells) by humans and other animals that feed on plants
starch
82
Monosaccharides are classified based on the ________ and the __________
position of their carbonyl group; the number of carbons in the backbone
83
Aldoses have a carbonyl group at
the ________, and ketoses
have a carbonyl group in the _________
- end of the carbon chain
- middle of the carbon chain.
84
Monosaccharides can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules; in aqueous solutions they are usually found in what form
ring forms
85
Glucose in a ring form can have two different arrangements of the hydroxyl group (OH) around the anomeric carbon
If hydroxyl is below carbon 1 - alpha position
If hydroxyl is above carbon 1 - beta position
86
T or F. The chains may be branched or
unbranched in polysaccharides
T
87
The cells can then absorb what form of sugar by eating vegetables.
Glucose
88
Starch is made up of glucose monomers that are joined by ______
a l-4 or l-6 glycosidic bonds.
89
Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose in a process known as
glycogenolysis.
90
________ is the most abundant natural biopolymer
Cellulose
91
enzyme that break down cellulose
cellulase.
92
T or F Carbohydrates need to be supplemented with proteins, vitamins, and fats to be part of a well-balanced diet.
TRUE
93
gram of carbohydrate provides how many calories?
4.1 Kcal.
94
Carbohydrates contain soluble and insoluble
elements; the insoluble part is known as _____
fiber which is most likely cellulose
95
It binds to the cholesterol in the small intestine, then attaches to the cholesterol and prevents the cholesterol particles from entering the bloodstream.
Cellulose
96
Lipids have hydrocarbons that include mostly only nonpolar
___________ bonds.
carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen
97
Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of
fats.
98
Fat molecules consist of 2 main components
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
99
The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range
from _______; the most common are those containing ______ carbons.
4 to 36; l2-18
100
In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol molecule with an _____bond through an oxygen atom
ester
101
Stearic acid is what type of fatty acid
Saturated fatty acid
102
Mammals store fats in specialized cells called
adipocytes,
103
Oleic acid is what type of acid
unsaturated fatty acid
104
Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are called
oils.
105
process when hydrogen gas is bubbled through oils to solidify them
Hydrogenation
106
fatty acids required but not synthesized by the
human body.
Essential fatty acids
107
two known essential fatty acids for humans
Omega-3 fatty acids; omega-6 fatty acid)
108
two known essential fatty acids for humans
Omega-3 fatty acids; omega-6 fatty acid)
109
The farthest carbon away from the carboxyl group is numbered as the
omega (ro) carbon.
110
omega-3 fatty acids are Nutritionally important because the body does not make them, omega-3 fatty acids include (ALA), (EPA), (DHA)
alpha-linoleic acid (ALA),
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
111
________ are made up of long fatty acid chains esterified to long-chain alcohols.
Waxes
112
major constituents of the plasma membrane,
Phospholipids
113
Like fats, Phospholipids are composed of fatty acid
chains attached to a glycerol or _________.
sphingosine backbone
114
The phosphate group alone attached to a diacylglycerol does not qualify phospholipid; it is _________, the precursor of phospholipids.
phosphatidate (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate)
115
The head(HYDROPHILIC) of a phospholipid is composed of
Glycerol attached to a phosphate group
116
most common steroid.
CHOLESTEROL
117
Cholesterol is also the precursor to _____ and
_______, which help in the emulsification of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells.
Vitamin D; bile salts
