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GRADE 11 > CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

CELL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cell reproduction

A
  1. Prokaryotes (Binary Fission)
  2. Eukaryotes (Mitosis and Meiosis)
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2
Q

Type of Cell Reproduction which produces an identical cell to the parent cell

A

Binary Fission

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3
Q

Cell Reproduction for cell growth and repair; produces cells with different traits

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

Cell Reproduction controlling the production of sex cells or gametes

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

2 Reasons why cells divide

A
  1. DNA Overload
  2. Exchange of Materials
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6
Q

Binary Fission process

A
  1. DNA Replication
  2. Chromosome Segragation
  3. Cytokinesis
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7
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (G1-S-G2)
Cell Division/M phase (P-M-A-T)
Cytokinesis

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8
Q

longest stage in the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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9
Q

Phase that focuses on cell growth and increase in cell’s size

A

G1

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10
Q

Phase of DNA and chromosome replication

A

S Phase

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11
Q

Preparation for Mitosis; organelles double

A

G2

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12
Q

Dividing Stage in cell cycle

A

M phase

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13
Q

Control system in cell cycle

A

Checkpoint

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14
Q

Where do cells go when they only undergo cell cycle once

A

G0

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15
Q

Restriction Point - restriction to enter S phase

A

G1 checkpoint

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16
Q

Checks for DNA damage and prevents reduplication of DNA

A

S Checkpoint

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17
Q

allows entry to mitosis

A

G2 Checkpoint

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18
Q

Checks whether mitosis is complete

A

M Checkpoint

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19
Q

3 Responsible in Checkpoints

A
  1. Cyclins
  2. Cyclin-dependent kinases
  3. p53 (tumor suppressors)
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20
Q

Responsible for Checkpoints; undergo constant cycle of synthesis and degradation

A

Cyclin

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21
Q

Kinases which activate/deactivate another protein through phosphorylating them (G1 and G2 checkpoints)

A

CDK

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22
Q

Tumor suppressor genes; guardian of genome(prevents gene mutation); DNA repair; apoptosis; allows cell to continue after repair

A

p53

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23
Q

Malfunctions during cell cycle

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Genetic Disorder
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24
Q

uncontrolled abnormal cell division forms tumors or what cells

A

cancer

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25
Q

changes or mutations to DNA within cells causes production of

A

Cancerous cells

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26
Q

Tumors may be ________tumors which are those that stay in their primary location. Or _________tumors which have cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites.

A

Benign ; Malignant

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27
Q

Risk Factors of Cancer

A
  • lifestyle
  • family history
  • genetic disorder
  • certain viruses (cervical/prostate)
  • environmental exposure (fertilizers, radiation, carcinogens)
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28
Q

3 ways to treat tumors

A
  1. Chemotherapy (Oral/Intravenous)
  2. Surgery
  3. Radiation Therapy
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29
Q

Disorders caused by abnormal cell division and genes; errors during dividing sex cells; exposure to substances that can cause birth defects

A

Genetic Disorders

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30
Q

21st chromosome is 3 instead of 2; a mistake in reproductive cells; trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

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31
Q

X chromosome missing in female (45, XO)

A

Turner Syndrome

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32
Q

More X chromosomes in male (47, XXY)

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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33
Q

extra X chromosome in female (47, XXX)

A

Trisomy X syndrome

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34
Q

additional copy of chromosome 13 in some body cells (Trisomy 13)

A

Patau Syndrome

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35
Q

additional copy of chromosome 18; physical manifestations (Trisomy 18)

A

Edward Syndrome

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36
Q

Structural Abnormalities may be

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplication
  3. Translocation
  4. Inversion
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37
Q

deletion of genetic material (5p minus syndrome)

A

Cri-du-chat syndrome

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38
Q

During interphase, the DNA in the cell is called

A

chromatin

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39
Q

two identical strands of DNA that make up the duplicated chromosome.

A

sister chromatids

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40
Q

The sister chromatids are held together by a structure called the _______

A

centromere.

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41
Q

Before a cell divides, it makes copies of all its _______

A

organelles.

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42
Q

During ________, duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes.

A

prophase

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43
Q

During ________, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

A

metaphase

44
Q

During___________, sister chromatids in each duplicated chromosome separate and
are pulled in opposite directions by the spindle fibers

A

anaphase

45
Q

During ___________, chromosomes begin to uncoil, and two new identical nuclei form.
G. Dividing the Cell’s Components

A

telophase

46
Q

In animal cells, a(n) ___________ in the middle of the cells gets deeper until the cell
membrane comes together to divide the cell.

A

furrow

47
Q

In plant cells, a(n) ___________ grows outward toward a new cell wall until two new
cells form.

A

cell plate

48
Q

The cell cycle results in two new __________ that are genetically identical to each
other and to the original cell, which no longer exists.

A

daughter cells

49
Q

Chromosomes come in pairs. Normally, each cell in the human body has __________ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

50
Q

process of cell division which results in the production of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

A

mitosis

51
Q

mitosis: cell prepares for nuclear division and the package of DNA

A

Prophase

52
Q

proteins found in centromere

A

kinetochore

53
Q

Mitosis: cell prepares chromosomes for division; they line up at the center as the spindle fibers attach to their centromeres

A

metaphase

54
Q

mitosis: chromosomes divide as spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart

A

anaphase

55
Q

mitosis; cytoplasm divides and DNa spreads out forming 2 nuclei and a cleavage furrow

A

telophase

56
Q

mitosis produces

A

2 diploid daughter cells

57
Q

significance o mitosis

A
  • responsible for the development of body organs
  • repairs damaged cells
58
Q

division of cells for organs

A

gastrulation

59
Q

if cells are damaged it would result to

A

-cancer
-neurodegeneration

60
Q

progressive damage in the nerve cells wherein there is a damage in nerve structure and function

A

neurodegeneration

61
Q

too much cell death caused by huntingtin interactive protein

A

huntington’s diseases

62
Q

uncontrolled movement

A

Parkinson’s diseases

63
Q

application of mitosis to other disciplines

A
  • agriculture (cloning)
  • medicine
  • tissue culture
64
Q

the sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes the other constituents of the cell and eventually divides into 2 daughter cells

A

cell cycle

65
Q

T or F: Although cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle.

A

T

66
Q

phase of the cell cycle in which the microtubular apparatus assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart.

A

M phase

67
Q

mitosis
# of divisions =
# of produced cells =
chromosome sets (=n) =
purpose =

A
  • 1 division
  • 2 cells
  • 1n>1n>;2n>2n
  • vegetative growth
68
Q

of produced cells =

meiosis
chromosome sets (=n) =
purpose =

A
  • 2 divisions
  • 4 cells
  • 2n>1n
  • sexual reproduction; produce sex cells
69
Q

While mitosis was going on, the cytoplasmic organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts (if present), were reassorted to areas that will separate and become the daughter cells. The phase of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called __________

A

cytokinesis

70
Q

marked by the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material. The chromosomal material becomes untangled during the process of chromatin condensation. The centriole, which had undergone duplication during S phase of interphase, now begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell.

A

prophase

71
Q
  • Chromosomal material condenses to form compact Mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere.
  • Initiation of the assembly of mitotic spindle, the microtubules, the proteinaceous components of the cell
A

Prophase

72
Q

The complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope marks the start of the second phase of mitosis; hence the chromosomes are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

metaphase

73
Q
  • Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get aligned along metaphase plate through spindle fibers to both poles.
A

Metaphase

74
Q

each chromosome arranged at the metaphase plate is split simultaneously and the two daughter chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes of the future daughter nuclei, begin their migration towards the two opposite poles

A

anaphase

75
Q
  • Centromeres split and chromatids separate.
  • Chromatids move to opposite poles.
A

Anaphase

76
Q

the chromosomes that have reached their respective poles decondense and lose their individuality. The individual chromosomes can no longer be seen, and chromatin material tends to collect in a mass in the two poles.

A

Telophase

77
Q
  • Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost as discrete elements.
  • Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome clusters.
  • Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform
A

Telophase

78
Q
  • Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost as discrete elements.
  • Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome clusters.
  • Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform
A

Telophase

79
Q

process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. The newly formed daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and to each other.

A

Mitosis

80
Q

Strictly applied, the term ________ is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the genetic information.

A

mitosis

81
Q

During this process, the cell’s nucleus along with the chromosome is divided to form two new daughter cell nuclei. The daughter nuclei inherit the same number of chromosomes as that of the parent nucleus.

A

mitosis

82
Q

role of mitosis

A
  • provides new cells for growth and for replacement of worn out cells
83
Q

living processes using mitosis

A
  • development and growth
  • cell replacement
  • replacement of damaged plant or animal tissue (regeneration)
  • asexual reproduction
84
Q

________ helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and generates two new daughter cells. Therefore, the chromosomes form from the parent chromosomes by copying the exact DNA. Therefore, the daughter cells formed as genetically uniform and identical to the parent as well as to each other. Thus,_________ helps in preserving and maintaining the genetic stability of a particular population.

A

Mitosis

85
Q

allows organisms to reproduce asexually, grow and repair of worn-out or damaged tissues.

A

mitosis

86
Q

important in sexual reproduction and genetic diversity among sexually reproducing organism

A

meiosis

87
Q

These two divisions result in four daughter cells (rather than the two daughter cells of mitosis), each with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell—one set, rather than two. _________reduces the amount of genetic information resulting to its importance in sexual reproduction and genetic diversity among sexually reproducing organism.

A

Meiosis 1 and 2
- Meiosis

88
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A

Meiosis 1
- P1
- M1
- A1
- T1

Meiosis 2
- P2
- M2
- A2
- T2

89
Q

Prophase of the first meiotic division is typically longer and more complex when compared to prophase of mitosis. It has been further subdivided into the following five phases based on chromosomal behavior:

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachytene
  4. Diplotene and
  5. Diakinesis
90
Q

MEIOSIS: The bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate. The microtubules from the opposite poles of the spindle attach to the pair of homologous.

A

M1

91
Q

MEIOSIS: The homologous chromo-somes separate, while sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres.

A

A1

92
Q

MEIOSIS: The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, cytokinesis follows and this is called as diad of cells. Although in many cases the chromosomes do undergo some dispersion, they do not reach the extremely extended state of the interphase nucleus.

A

T1

93
Q

MEIOSIS: initiated immediately after cytokinesis, usually before the chromosomes have fully elongated. In contrast to _________ ,___________resembles a normal mitosis.
The nuclear membrane disappears by the end of IT. The chromosomes again become compact.

A

P2; MEIOSIS 1; MEIOSIS 2

94
Q

MEIOSIS: At this stage the chromosomes align at the equator and the microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle get attached to the kinetochores of sister

A

M2

95
Q

MEIOSIS: It begins with the simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which was holding the sister chromatids together), allowing them to move toward opposite poles of the cell.

A

A2

96
Q

Meiosis ends with _________ in which the two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a nuclear envelope; cytokinesis follows resulting in the formation of haploid daughter cells.

A

Telophase II

97
Q

Importance of Meiosis

A
  • rapid generation of new genetic combinations to sex cells
98
Q

There are three mechanisms that contribute to this genetic variation:

A

independent assortment,
crossing-over, and
random fertilization.

99
Q

T or F. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. In fact, these 23 chromosomes that you receive from your parents are a matter of chance.

A

T

100
Q
  • The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called ________
A

independent assortment

101
Q

In __________, maternal and paternal chromosomes lined up at the equator of the cell, but eventually, these are pulled apart randomly at opposite poles in ___________. Each of the 23 pairs segregates or separates independently. Each daughter cell gets one chromosome from each homologous pair.

A

metaphase I; anaphase I; independent assortment

102
Q

with just four pairs of homologous chromosomes for simplified illustration. With four pairs of homologous chromosomes, you may come up with 24 or 16 possible combinations. Thus, 223 (about eight million) with different gene combinations can be produced from one original cell mechanism alone for humans according to this mechanism

A

Independent Assortment

103
Q

alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the metaphase plate is random and can result in astounding possibilities in genetic variability because of this mechanism

A

Independent Assortment

104
Q

This occur during prophase I of meiosis, where chromosomes line up in the process called synapsis, while sections of their DNA are exchanged

A

CRossing over and Random Fertilization

105
Q

DNA exchange during crossover adds more ______________to the independent assortment of chromosomes that occur later in meiosis.

A

recombination probabilities

106
Q

because the zygote that forms a new individual is created by the random fusion of two gametes, _________ squares the number of possible outcomes (223 x 223 = 64 trillion).

A

fertilization

107
Q

T or F. Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes doesn’t add to genetic variability compared to independent assortment

A

F; adds to genetic variability

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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