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GRADE 11 > ES 11 > Flashcards

ES 11 Flashcards

1
Q

concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest

A

Mineral Occurrence

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2
Q

mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions

A

Mineral Deposit

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3
Q

mineral deposit that has been tested and known to be economically profitable to mine.

A

Ore Deposit

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4
Q

rock or mineral material used as filler in cement, asphalt, plaster, etc.; generally used to describe nonmetallic deposits

A

Aggregate

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5
Q

naturally-occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of economic value can be extracted

A

Ore

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6
Q

T or F. Most rocks of the Earth’s crust contain metals and other elements but at very low concentrations.

A

T

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7
Q

Types of mineral resources

A

1.Metallic mineral deposits: gold, silver, copper, platinum, iron
2.Non-metallic resources: talc, fluorite, sulfur, sand, gravel

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8
Q

The occurrence of a mineral resource includes:

A
  • rock cycle
  • Plate tectonics
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9
Q

Valuable substances are concentrated within an igneous body through magmatic processes such as crystal fractionation, partial melting and crystal settling.

A

MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS

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10
Q

magmatic processes can concentrate the ore minerals that contain valuable substances after accumulating elements that were once widely dispersed and in low concentrations within the
magma.

A

MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS

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11
Q

as magma cools down, heavier minerals tend to crystallize early and settle at the lower portion of the magma chamber.

A

Crystal settling

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12
Q

residual melt contains a high percentage of water and volatile substances that are favorable for the formation
of pegmatites.

A

Fractional crystallization

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13
Q

___________ of granitic magmas can concentrate rare earth elements (such as cesium and uranium) and heavy metals

A

Fractional crystallization

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14
Q

(large crystals of quartz, feldspars and muscovite) which may contain semi-precious gems such as beryl, topaz, and tourmaline

A

Pegmatites

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15
Q

concentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous (water-rich) fluids flowing through fractures and pore spaces in rocks

A

HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITS

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16
Q

hot, residual watery fluids derived during the later stages of magma crystallization and may contain large amount of dissolved metals.

A

hydrothermal solutions

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17
Q

can also originate from the ground water or along depths with known geothermal gradient.

A

hydrothermal solutions

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18
Q

fairly well-defined zone of mineralization, usually inclined and discordant and typically narrow

A

Vein type deposits

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19
Q

Most ________ occur in fault or fissure openings or in shear zones within the country rock.

A

vein deposits

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20
Q

Sometimes referred to as (metalliferous) lode deposits, many of the most productive deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury occur as hydrothermal vein deposits

A

Vein TYpe Deposits

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21
Q

Deposits in which the ore minerals are distributed as minute masses (very low concentration) through large volumes of rocks.

A

Disseminated deposits

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22
Q

Precipitation of metals as sulfide minerals occurs when hot fluids that circulated above magma chambers at oceanic ridges that may contain sulfur, copper and zinc come in contact with cold groundwater or seawater as it migrate towards the seafloor.

A

Massive sulfide deposit

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23
Q

This deposit is formed when the dissolved minerals in a hydrothermal fluid precipitate in the pore spaces of unconsolidated sediments on the bottom of a lake or ocean

A

Strata bound ore deposits

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24
Q

valuable substances are concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from lakes or seawater

A

. SEDIMENTARY ORE DEPOSITS

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25
Q

This type of deposit typically occurs in a closed marine environment where evaporation is greater than water inflow.

A

Evaporite Deposits

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26
Q

As most of the water evaporates, the dissolved substances become more concentrated in the residual water and would eventually precipitate

A

Evaporite Deposits

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27
Q

These deposits are made up of repetitive thin layers of iron-rich chert and several other iron-bearing minerals

A

Iron Formation

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28
Q

are mostly formed in basins within continental crust during the Proterozoic (2 billion years or older)

A

Iron Formation

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29
Q

Deposits formed by the concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation during sedimentary processes.

A

PLACER ORE DEPOSITS

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30
Q

aided by flowing surface waters either in streams or along coastlines.

A

PLACER ORE DEPOSITS

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31
Q

Concentration would be according to the specific gravity of substances, wherein the heavy minerals are mechanically concentrated by water currents and the less-dense particles remain suspended and are carried further downstream.

A

PLACER ORE DEPOSITS

32
Q

involves heavy minerals that are resistant to transportation and weathering.

A

PLACER ORE DEPOSITS

33
Q

type of deposit that results from the accumulation of valuable materials through chemical weathering processes.

A

Residual Ore Deposits

34
Q

During the process, the volume of the original rock is greatly reduced by leaching.

A

Residual Ore Deposits

35
Q

Important factors for the formation of residual deposit include

A

parent rock composition, climate, relief

36
Q

principal ore of aluminum

A

Bauxite

37
Q

T or F. Nickeliferous laterites or nickel laterites are residual ore deposits derived from the laterization of olivine-rich ultramafic rocks such as dunite and peridotite

A

T

38
Q

____________ are derived when a certain mineral deposit becomes enriched due to weathering.

A

Secondary Enrichment Deposits; Residual Ore D

39
Q

initial stage in formulating a project. This involves review of all available data (geologic reports, mining history, maps, etc.), government requirements in acquiring the project, review of social, environmental, political and economic acceptability of the project, and budget and organization proposals.

A

. Project Design:

40
Q

involves physical activities in the selected project area

A

Field Exploration

41
Q

The main objective is to identify targets or interesting mineralized zones. In general, the activities involve regional surface investigation and interpretation.

A

. REGIONAL RECONNAISSANCE

42
Q

involves more detailed surface and subsurface activities with the objective of finding and delineating targets or mineralized zones.

A

DETAILED EXPLORATION

43
Q

main objective is to assess market profitability by (1) extensive resource, geotechnical and engineering drilling (2) metallurgical testing and (3) environmental and societal cost assessment.

A

PROSPECT EVALUATION

44
Q

determines and validates the accuracy of all data and information collected from the different stages. purpose is for independent assessors to satisfy interested investors

A

Pre-production Feasibility Study

45
Q

Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close to Earth’s surface. include open pit mining, quarrying, placer mining and strip mining

A

Surface Mining

46
Q

Utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body is that is deep under the Earth’s surface

A

Underground Mining

47
Q

materials extracted or “mined” are rocks composed of both ore and waste material. The extracted rocks will undergo processes of mineral (e.g. metal) separation and recovery.

A

THE MILLING PROCESS

48
Q

______ and _______ are the first stages of controlled size reduction followed by grinding where the rocks are pulverized

A

Crushing and screening

49
Q

The crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink

A

Heavy Media Separation

50
Q

If the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.

A

Magnetic separation

51
Q

powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top

A

Flotation

52
Q

used for low-grade gold ore where the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile.

A

Cyanide heap leaching

53
Q

waste material is either used as a backfill in the mine or sent to a tailings pond, while the metals are sent for further processing

A

Cyanide heap leaching

54
Q

possible environmental impacts of irresponsible mining:

A

siltation, flooding, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution, damage to wildlife and habitat

55
Q

Measures to prevent or mitigate the harmful effects of irresponsible mining:

A

-Topsoil replacement using uncontaminated soil
-reintroduction of flora and fauna
-Neutralizing acidic waters
-backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines
-stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion

56
Q

Non-Renewable Sources of Energy

A
  1. Coal
  2. Oil
  3. Natural Gas
  4. Nuclear
57
Q

Renewable Energy Sources

A
  1. Solar
  2. Wind
  3. Hydroelectric
  4. Biomass
  5. Geothermal
58
Q

Uses of energy

A
  1. Agricultural
  2. Transportation
  3. Residential
  4. Commercial
  5. Industrial
59
Q

Fossil fuels
- are fuels formed by natural processes such as ____________________ of buried dead organisms.

A

anaerobic decomposition

60
Q

T or F. Fossil Fuel contains high percentages of carbon.

A

T

61
Q

Different kinds of fossil fuels

A
  • coal,
  • petroleum
  • natural gas
  • commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane
61
Q

Different kinds of fossil fuels

A
  • coal,
  • petroleum
  • natural gas
  • commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane
62
Q

It started forming over 350 million years ago,
through the transformation of organic plant matter

A

Coal

63
Q

a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary
rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called _____ or _____

A

coal; coal beds or coal seams

64
Q

Coal is composed primarily of _____ along with
variable quantities of other elements, ____, _____, _____, and ______

A

carbon; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen

65
Q

Different Types of Coal

A
  • Peat
  • Lignite
  • Anthracite
  • Bituminous
  • Sub-bituminous
66
Q

an accumulation of plant organic materials that
only partially decomposed due to exposure to water and
carbon dioxide. It is recognizable due to the evidence of
plant remains and water.

A

Peat

67
Q

is quite unconventional to use because it needs to be dried out and it produces large amounts of smoke

A

Peat

68
Q

formed when increased pressure from
sediments transforms peat. It still has traces of
plant remains. It is abundant but used only when
more efficient fuels are unavailable

A

Lignite

69
Q

forms when even more pressure is applied to lignite. No trace of plant materials can be observed in this stage. It is the most abundant form of coal and a major source of heat energy.

A

Bituminous

70
Q

the last stage of coal formation. It has the hardest consistency among the stages of coal. This form resulted from extreme pressure and high temperature on the layers of sediments. ______ burns with a short flame and only produces a little smoke

A

Anthracite

71
Q

How Oil and Gas Deposits are Formed

A

-, oil and natural gas are formed from organic
matter from dead plants and animals
- take millions of years to form under very specific pressure and temperature conditions.
- recylced

72
Q

When a living organism dies, it is generally recycled in one of two ways:

A
  • eaten by predators, scavengers, or bacteria
  • Through exposure to ambient air or oxygen-rich water, it oxidizes.That means that the hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus contained in the matter combine with oxygen atoms present in the air. The organic matter breaks down into water, carbon dioxide, nitrates, sulfates and phosphates that nourish new plant
73
Q

Crude Oil Formation

A

1st Stage - marine plants and animals gather energy from the sun, when they perish their bodies sink under the ocean.

2nd Stage - remains of marine organisms are buried under sediments

3rd Stage - More sediments bury the remains

4th Stage - Heat and Pressure from sedimentary rock slowly turn plant and animal matter into crude oil

74
Q

Natural Gas Formation

A

Stage 1 - Microscopic plants and animals from ocean die and sink forming layers together with sediments and bacteria that are above these organisms.

Stage 2 - Heat and Pressure increase. Biomass is made and exposed to greater heat produces natural gas

Step 3 - Natural gas migrates through pores in rocks

75
Q

Problems with Fossil Fuels

A
  • Cause problems in the long run if supply is inadequate
  • Extraction causes environmental problems like damaged land
  • Coal mining disturbs the ecosystem of terrestrial lands
  • Extraction of crude oil and natural gas requires structures that affect marine locations
  • Workers experience health problems such as lung diseases
  • Use of fossil fuels as a source of energy has produced great amounts of gaseous waste (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, global warming)
  • Transportation of Crude oil leads to oil spills
  • Continually used because of low cost

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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