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GRADE 11 > DRRR Earthquake and Volcano > Flashcards

DRRR Earthquake and Volcano Flashcards

1
Q

Earthquake is also known as

A

quake; tremor; temblor

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2
Q

the perceptible shaking of the surface
of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves

A

Earthquake

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3
Q

Geologists explain that an earthquake is a type of
hazard that depends on the strength of ________

A

seismic activity

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4
Q

A large earthquake will always be followed by a
sequence of ___________ that normally aggravates its
effect on human and material elements like buildings
and infrastructure

A

aftershocks

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5
Q

Potential Earthquake Hazards

A
  1. Ground Shaking/ Ground Motion
  2. Ground Rupture
  3. Liquefaction
  4. Earthquake-induced landslides
  5. Tsunami
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6
Q

(E. Hazard)*If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking intensity, structures like buildings, bridges, and dams can be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground destabilized.
* Perched or stacked objects may fall and injure or bury anyone close by.

A

Ground Shaking or Ground Motion

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7
Q

the visible breaking and displacement
of the Earth’s surface along the trace of a fault.
*Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being
torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip each other

A

Ground Rupture

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8
Q

occurs when waterlogged sediments
are agitated by seismic shaking. This separates the
grains from each other, reducing their load-bearing
capacity

A

Liquefaction

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9
Q

(E. Hazard) * Buildings and other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt over, whilst underground pipes and tanks may rise up to the surface.

A

Liquefaction

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10
Q

When the vibrations stop during liquefaction what happens after

A

the sediments settle down
again, groundwater is squeezed out of cracks and
holes in the ground cause flooding.

The aftermath of liquefaction can leave large areas
covered in a deep layer of mud.

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11
Q

more commonly known as a
landslide, is the downslope movement of rocks or
sediments under the influence of gravity.

A

Mass wasting

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12
Q

It is a process that follows weathering and can have particularly devastating effects like floods, blocking of rivers, death, and damage to land and natural resources.

A

Landslides

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13
Q

ocean waves triggered by earthquakes that
occur near or under the ocean, volcanic eruptions,
submarine landslides, or onshore landslides in which
large volumes of debris fall into the water

A

Tsunami

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14
Q

The damage and destruction from tsunamis depend on

A
  • the degree of flooding,
  • wave impact on structures, and
  • erosion
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15
Q

Natural Signs of Impending Tsunami

A
  1. Animal Behavior
  2. Drawback
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16
Q

▪Some zoologists hypothesize that some animal species like elephants have the ability to sense ________ from an earthquake or a tsunami.
▪If correct and substantiated with more evidence,
monitoring their behavior could provide advance
warning of earthquakes and tsunamis

A

subsonic Rayleigh waves

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17
Q

In Sri Lanka
Elephants….
Dogs….
Flamingos….
Zoo animals….

A
  • Elephants screamed and ran for higher ground.
  • Dogs refused to go outdoors.
  • Flamingos abandoned their low-lying breeding
    areas.
  • Zoo animals rushed into their shelters and could
    not be enticed to come back out.
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18
Q

is when the ocean recedes from land before a
tsunami strikes.

A

drawback

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19
Q

If the first part of a tsunami to reach the coast is a trough, rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline is

A

dragged back dramatically, exposing parts of the shore that are normally underwater and stranding many marine creatures

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20
Q

highest point of the wave

A

crest

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21
Q

lowest point of the wave

A

trough

22
Q

DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD MAPS

A
  1. Natural Hazard Risks Map
  2. Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Map
  3. Seismic Hazard and Structures in the Philippines
  4. Floods and Landslides Hazard Map
  5. Ground Shaking Hazard Map
23
Q

Volcano-Related Hazards

A
  1. Lahars
  2. Ash Fall
  3. Pyroclastic Flows
  4. Volcanic Gases
  5. Lava Flows
  6. Ballistic Projectiles
24
Q

an Indonesian word describing a
mudflow or debris flow that originates on the
slopes of a volcano

A

Lahar

25
Q

masses of rock, mud, and water that
travel rapidly downslope and downstream under
the action of gravity

A

Lahar

26
Q

Lahars can form in a number of situations, namely,

A
  1. when small slope collapses gather water on
    their way down a volcano,
  2. through rapid melting of snow and ice during an
    eruption,
  3. from heavy rainfall on loose volcanic debris,
  4. when a volcano erupts through a crater lake, or
  5. when a crater lake drains because of overflow
    or wall collapse
27
Q

Destructive Characteristics of Lahars

A
  1. Lahars moved rapidly down valleys like rivers
    of concrete.
  2. Lahars can occur with or without a volcanic
    eruption.
  3. Lahars pick up material as they travel, which
    can cause damage to structures in their path.
  4. Lahars and excess sediment cause serious
    economic and environmental damage to river
    valleys and flood plains
28
Q

consists of fragments of pulverized
rock, minerals, and volcanic glass created during
volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm in
diameter.

A

Volcanic Ash

29
Q

used to refer to all explosive eruption products, referred to as tephra, including particles larger than 2 mm.

A

Volcanic Ash

30
Q

formed during explosive volcanic
eruptions when dissolved gases in magma
expand and escape violently into the
atmosphere

A

Volcanic Ash

31
Q

Devastating Effects of Ash Fall

A
  • As a result of its fine-grained abrasive character
    and widespread distribution by wind, ash fall
    and volcanic ash clouds are a major hazard to
    aviation
  • Ash fallout to the ground can pose significant
    disruption and damage to buildings,
    transportation, water and wastewater, power
    supply, communications equipment, agriculture,
  • fine-grained ash, when ingested can
    cause health impacts to humans and animals
32
Q

a dense, fast-moving flow of
solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases.

A

Pyroclastic Flows

33
Q

A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as

A

200 m/s

34
Q

Most pyroclastic flows consist of two parts:

A
  • lower (basal) flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and a
  • turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow
35
Q

Pyroclastic flows form in different ways:

A
  1. Collapse of Eruption Column
  2. Boiling Over from eruptive vent
  3. Collapse of Lava Domes/Flow
36
Q

during a highly explosive eruption, the column ejected upwards into the atmosphere cools and can become too cool and dense to maintain upward momentum.

A

Collapse of eruption column

37
Q

during explosive eruption, material is erupted without
forming a high plume and rapidly moves down
slope

A

“Boiling over” from eruptive vent

38
Q

the fronts of lava flows or domes can become so steep that they collapse due to gravitational force

A

Collapse of lava domes or flows

39
Q

release of
__________ is one
of the most common
volcanic activities
that occur before,
during, and after
eruptions

A

volcanic gases

40
Q

are composed of different
materials depending on its location

A

Volcanic Gases

41
Q

Volcanic Gases are composed of

A
  • Water vapor and carbon dioxide typically make
    up the bulk composition of volcanic gases,
    followed by sulfur dioxide.
  • hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride
42
Q

Negative Impacts of Volcanic Gas (Sulfur Dioxide, Co2, Hydrochloric acid)

A
  1. Sulfur Dioxide - form into sulfuric acid which is a
    component of acid rain; and
    * direct contact with sulfur dioxide can irritate
    the eyes, cause skin rash, and poison the
    respiratory system
  2. Carbon dioxide in high concentrations can
    cause asphyxiation without warning because of
    the gas’ odorless and colorless nature
  3. Volcanic gases also help in reflecting the heat
    outside Earth creating an albedo effect.
  4. Hydrochloric acid helps in the degeneration of
    the ozone layer.
43
Q

streams of molten rock that pour
or ooze from an erupting ven

A

Lava Flows

44
Q

erupted during either non-explosive
activity or explosive lava fountains

A

Lava

45
Q

speed of which lava moves across the
ground depends on several factors including:

A
  1. type of lava erupted and its viscosity;
  2. steepness of the ground over which it travels;
  3. whether the lava flows as a broad sheet,
    through a confined channel, or down a lava
    tube; and
  4. rate of lava production at the vent
46
Q

Negative Impacts of Lava Flows

A
  • Lava flows can crush and bury structures and
    livelihoods. They solidify over time making the
    areas buried by the lava useless.
  • Lava flows also burn surroundings because of
    its intense heat. Flammable resources such as
    wood, plants, and houses can get caught on
    fire as lava flows along their path.
47
Q

rocks that an erupting
volcano may hurl into the air.
* These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs
and usually land within 2 km of the vent.

A

Ballistic Projectiles

48
Q

These events may occur without warning and in
the absence of a larger magmatic eruption; limited to within about 5 km of vents

A

Ballistic Projectiles

49
Q

Devastating Effects of Ballistic Projectiles

A

Ballistic projectiles endanger life and property by:
1. the force of impact of falling fragments, but
this occurs only close to an eruption;
2. loss of agricultural lands if burial is greater
than 10 cm depth;
3. tephra falls can carry harmful and poisonous
particles and gases;
4. producing suspensions of fine-grained particles
in air and water which clogs filters and vents of
motors, human lungs, industrial machines, and
nuclear power plants; and
5. burial of tephra can collapse roofs of buildings,
break power and communication lines and
damage or kill vegetation

50
Q
  • Erupted within historical times (within the last 600
    years), accounts of these eruptions were
    documented by man erupted within the last
    10,000 years based on the analyses of material
    from young volcanic deposits.
A

Active Volcanoes

51
Q

Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

A
  1. Babuyan Claro
  2. Banahaw
  3. Biliran (Anas)
  4. Bud Dajo
  5. Bulusan
  6. Cabalian
  7. Cagua
  8. Camiguin de Babuyanes
  9. Didiccas
  10. Hibok-hibok
  11. Iraya
  12. Iriga
  13. Isarong
  14. Kanlaon
  15. Leonard Kniaseff
  16. Makaturing
  17. Matutum
  18. Mayon
  19. Musuan (Calayo)
  20. Parker
  21. Pinatubo
  22. Ragang
  23. Smith
  24. Taal
52
Q

Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption

A
  1. various types of warnings before eruptions begin.
    - Steam-blast eruptions could occur with little
    or no warning as superheated water flashes
    to steam.
    - Magmatic eruptions involve rise of magma
    toward the surface
  2. People living near volcanoes may detect
    premonitory events before an eruption
    * Both the frequency of occurrence and
    intensity of felt earthquake commonly
    increase before eruptions begin.
    * Eruptions may also be preceded by
    noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity
    * Swelling of the ground surface can be
    detected by using precision instruments
    and techniques that measure minute
    changes in slope, distance, or elevation at
    the ground surface
  3. Measurement of Changes in Heat Flow
    * Measurement of changes in heat flow at a
    volcano by repeated infrared surveys or by
    direct measurements of hot spring or
    fumarole temperatures.
    * Changes in the composition or relative
    abundances of fumarolic gases ma also
    precede eruptions and can be detected by
    frequent or continuous analysis of gases
  4. Detection and Interpretation of Precursory Events
    * Precursors to volcanic activity may continue for
    weeks, months, or even years before eruptive
    activity begins, or they can subside at any time
    and not be followed by an eruption
    * Monitoring of volcanic precursors may provide
    a general warning that volcanic activity in a
    specific area is becoming more likely, but it
    often does not pinpoint the nature or timing of
    an eruption or even its certainty

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

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