Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GRADE 11 > GEN BIO CELLS > Flashcards

GEN BIO CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

The discovery of cells is generally credited to ________ for coining the term cellulae that was shortened to cell

A

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What he actually observed were the empty cell walls of dead plant tissue, walls that had originally been produced by the living cells they surrounded.

A

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

first to examine a drop of pond water and scrapings from his teeth under the microscope and observed the teeming microscopic “animalcules”.

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stated that all animals are made of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proposed that animal and plant cells are produced only by the division of cells that already exist

A

Rudolf Virchow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

unifying foundation of cell biology

A

Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the structural unit of life.
- cells are the basic units of organization of all organisms
3. Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common Components of all Cells (Components that are found in every cell)

A
  1. CEntrally located genetic material
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma Membrane
  4. Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

consists of a jelly-like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Centrally located genetic material can be _______ in prokaryotic cells and ___________ in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleoid; nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an outer covering that separated the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pro= “ “ and karyon= “ “

A

pro- = “before” ; -karyon- =“nucleus”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_Procaryotic cells are predominantly single-celled (unicellular) organisms of the domains ________ and ________

A

Bacteria and Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

-these cells have no membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Eukaryotic (eu- = “ ”)
A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists. With membrane-bound organelles and genetic material enclosed in the nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the entire region of a cell within the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In eukaryotes, it is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • consists of 70% to 80% water; has a semi-solid consistency due to the proteins within it
  • contains all of the sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell uses to carry out its everyday activities
A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Encloses a cell and separates its contents from its surroundings

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a phospholipid bilayer that controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, and oxygen into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

wastes (such as carbon dioxide and ammonia) also leave the cell by passing through the _________

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

induce changes w/in the cell when they come in contact with specific molecules in the environment, such as hormones, or with molecules (markers) on the surface of neighboring cells

A

receptor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic (these terms refer to the presence or absence, respectively, of a membrane-bounded nucleus that contains genetic material)
distinguished by: their ____________________

A

sizes, types of internal structures, or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(type of cell) DNA is found in the nucleoid region

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(type of cell) DNA is within a membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(type of cell) usually smaller

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(type of cell) usually bigger

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(type of cell) usually single-celled

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(type of cell) often multicellular

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

(type of cell) may not need oxygen in metabolizing nutrients

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(type of cell) usually need oxygen to exist

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(type of cell) no membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

(type of cell) membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

simplest organisms. __________ cells are small.

A

Prokaryotes; prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

consist of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane and are encased w/in a rigid cell wall (acts as an extra layer of protection, helps maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration.) and is composed of peptidoglycans

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

carbohydrate matrix that is cross-linked by short polypeptide units

A

peptidoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

They have no distinct interior compartments.

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

has 2 layers; bacterial cell wall

A

Gram-Positive bacterial cell wall (Plasma membrane and peptidoglycan cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

has 3 layers; bacterial cell wall

A

Gram-Negative bacterial cell wall (Outer lipid membrane, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Aside from prokaryotes, what else has a cell wall

A

plants, fungi, protists, yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Archaea lack a bacterial cell wall layer called _________

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment

A

Polysaccharide capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

long, threadlike structures used for locomotion

A

FLAGELLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

used by bacteria to attach to a host cell

A

FIMBRIAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

nerve cells in a giraffe’s spinal cord can be how many meters long

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

most cells are only about _______ the size of a period at the end of a sentence

A

1/500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

most bacterias are only ______ microns

A

1-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

most eukaryotic cells are only ____ microns

A

10-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

1 micron is = __________M

A

1/1,000,000 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

as cell increases in size, its ________ increases faster than its surface area

A

volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

T or F. If the cell grows too large, the plasma membrane will not have the sufficient surface area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume. as a cell grows, it becomes less efficient

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 2 ways for cell to become more efficient

A
  • to divide
  • develop organelles that perform specific tasks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The Hallmark of the eukaryotic cell is ______________

A

compartmentalization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

achieved through a combination of an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the cell interior and by numerous organelles (include membrane-bounded structures that form compartments w/in which multiple biochemical processes can proceed simultaneously and independently).

A

compartmentalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

4 basic functional groups of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Breakdown or hydrolysis of molecules
  • Energy processing
  • Structural support, movement, and communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi Apparatus belong to the group _________

A

Manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes belong to the _________ group

A

breakdown/hydrolysis of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts belong to the _______ group

A

energy processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall belong to the ________ group

A

structural support, movement, and communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Almost all of the organelles and other structures present in an animal cell are also present in a plant cell What are the Exceptions?

A
  • Lysosomes and centrioles (not in plants)
  • some animal cells have flagella/cilia
  • , only the sperm cells of a few plant species have flagella.
  • plant cell has cell wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

___________ protect cells and help maintain their shape.

A

Cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Difference between plant cell wall and prokaryotic cell wall

A
  • Chemically different from prokaryotic cell walls, plant cell walls contain the polysaccharide cellulose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells.

A

Plasmodesma/Plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

An important organelle found in plant cells is the _____________ where photosynthesis occurs

A

chloroplast,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Unique to plant cells is a _____________, a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals.

A

large central vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain nonmembranous structures as well. What are these?

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

consists of protein tubes called microtubules and other protein filaments

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the cell’s genetic control center and the most prominent organelle in a cell.

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

contains most of the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis.

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of a material called ______, which is a complex of proteins and DNA.

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Chromosomes are only visible and distinguishable from each other when the cell is getting ready to __________

A

divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Enclosing the nucleus is a _____________, a double-membrane perforated with protein-lined pores that control the flow of materials (ions, molecules, and RNA) into and out of the nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and nucleolus

A

nucleoplasm

76
Q

a prominent structure in the nucleus, is the site where a special type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized according to instructions in the DNA

A

nucleolus

77
Q

Proteins enter through the __________ from the cytoplasm are assembled with this RNA to form the subunits of ribosomes.

A

nuclear pores

78
Q

make proteins for use in the cell and export

A

RIBOSOMES

79
Q

cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

80
Q

Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis have a large number of _______

A

ribosomes

81
Q

Cells active in protein synthesis also have prominent __________

A

nucleoli

82
Q

____________ can be thought of as “universal organelles” because they are found in all cell types from all three domains of life

A

Ribosomes

83
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

84
Q

Ribosomes are found in two locations in the cell:

A
  • fluid in the cytoplasm (Free rib)
  • attached to the outside of ER/nuclear envelope (Bound rib)
85
Q

Most of the proteins made on free ribosomes function within the _________

A

cytoplasm/cell

86
Q

__________ ribosomes make proteins that will be inserted into membranes, packaged in certain organelles, or exported from the cell.

A

Bound

87
Q

a ribosome is composed of two subunits

A

large and small

88
Q

Many cell organelles are connected through the __________ system

A

endomembrane

89
Q

a system that fills the cell, dividing it into compartments, channeling the passage of molecules through the interior of the cell, and providing surfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins.

A

endomembrane

90
Q

Some of the membranes are physically connected and some are related by the transfer of membrane segments by _____________(sacs made of membrane).

A

tiny vesicles

91
Q

The endomembrane system includes the________________ (6)

A

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

92
Q

T or F. The endomembrane system includes the membranes of either mitochondria or chloroplasts.

A

F. does not include

93
Q

The largest of the internal membranes.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

94
Q

Endoplasmic means “_________,” and reticulum is Latin for “_________”

A

within the cytoplasm; a little net

95
Q

composed more of flattened sacs and forms a compartment throughout the cytoplasm.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

96
Q

Ribosomes transfer their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo structural modifications such as the addition of short-chain carbohydrates to form _________

A

glycoproteins

97
Q

modified proteins will be incorporated into the cellular membranes-the membrane of the ER or those of other organelles-or secreted from the cell (such as protein hormones, enzymes).
- via

A

transport vesicles

98
Q

The RER is abundant in cells that secrete _______

A

proteins

99
Q

the function of the ___________ is to move molecules between different locations inside the cell

A

transport vesicle

100
Q

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport

A

vesicles and vacoules

101
Q

T or F. vesicles are larger than vacuoles

A

F. Vacuoles are larger

102
Q

The membrane of a ________ does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.

A

vacuole

103
Q

__________ also helps the cell grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging, and it can store vital chemicals or waste products in plants

A

central vacuole

104
Q

a more tubelike structure connected to the RER.

A

SER

105
Q

Inner region of the ER

A

SER-cisternal space or lumen

106
Q

Outer region of the ER

A

cytosol

107
Q

____________ anchored on the SER are involved in the synthesis of a variety of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones (

A

Enzymes

108
Q

ovaries and testes are rich in what reticulum

A

ovaries and testes are rich in SmoothER

109
Q

in the liver, the enzymes of the _______carry out detoxification

A

SER

110
Q

Storage of calcium ions (in muscle contraction)

A

SER

111
Q

finishes, sorts, and ships cell products

A

Golgi Apparatus

112
Q

Golgi apparatus is Named after __________ it consists of flattened sacs stacked on top of each other; the stacks are not interconnected like ER sacs

A

Camillo Golgi,

113
Q

receives and modifies products manufactured by the ER.

A

Golgi Apparatus

114
Q

The receiving end of the Golgi apparatus is called the _________ and is usually located near the ER.

A

cis face

115
Q

Materials arrive at the cis face in transport vesicles that bud off the ER and exit the trans face, where they are discharged in ____________

A

secretory vesicles

116
Q

The most important alteration when proteins and lipids are transported into the Golgi Apparatus is the addition or modification of short sugar chains, forming _____________

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids.

117
Q

these can release important molecules in the body

A

secretory/transport vesicles

118
Q

digestive compartments within a cell

A

LYSOSOMES

119
Q

Lysosomes is derived from 2 greek words meaning _____________

A

“breakdown body”

120
Q

Lysosomes arise from

A

Golgi Apparatus

121
Q

Contain high levels of degrading enzymes, which catalyze the rapid breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates

A

Lysosomes

122
Q

Break down old organelles and recycle their component molecules

A

Lysosomes

123
Q

Lysosomes destroy pathogens that might enter the cell
ex. A group of white blood cells called macrophages in a process known as __________________

A

phagocytosis or endocytosis

124
Q

Contains enzymes involved in the breakdown of fatty acids to be used as fuel and the detoxification of alcohol and other harmful substances

A

PEROXISOME

125
Q

oxidation reactions in peroxisomes release _________________ which would be damaging to cells; however, when these reactions are confined to peroxisomes, enzymes safely break down the H₂O₂ into oxygen and water

A

hydrogen peroxide

126
Q

specialized peroxisomes in plants, are responsible for converting stored fats into sugars

A
  • Glyoxysomes
127
Q

Energy-Converting Organelles

A
  • MITOCHONDRIA
  • CHLOROPLASTS
128
Q

MITOCHONDRIA harvest chemical energy from _______

A

food

129
Q

Mitochondria are often called “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of the cell because they are responsible for making ________, the cell’s main energy carrying molecule

A

ATP

130
Q

Mitochondria carry out _______________ in nearly all eukaryotic cells, converting the chemical energy of foods such as sugars to the chemical energy of ATP

A

cellular respiration

131
Q

Two internal compartments of a mitochondrion

A
  • Intermembrane Space
  • Mitochondrial matrix
132
Q

the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion

A

Intermembrane Space

133
Q

Inner membrane of a mitochondrion encloses the second compartment, the ___________, which contains the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, as well as many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration

A

mitochondrial matrix

134
Q

Inner membrane is highly folded (_________);

A

cristae

135
Q

Inner membrane is highly folded (_________);

A

cristae

136
Q

foldings inside the mitochondria increases the ________ enhancing capability of ATP production

A

surface area

137
Q

convert solar energy to chemical energy

A

Chloroplasts

138
Q

photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

A

Chloroplasts

139
Q

The chloroplast is enclosed by an inner and outer membrane separated by a ___________

A

thin intermembrane space

140
Q

The compartment inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast holds a thick fluid called _______ , which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes

A

stroma

141
Q

a network of interconnected sacs called ___________ is inside the chloroplast

A

thylakoids

142
Q

compartment inside these sacs (thylakoids) is called the __________

A

thylakoid space

143
Q

Stack of thylakoids is called _________

A

granum

144
Q
  • A network of protein fibers that help maintain the shape of the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable cells within multicellular organisms move
A

Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces

145
Q

Three types of fibers compose the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate Filaments
146
Q

also called actin filaments
- narrowest; composed mainly of globular proteins called actin, arranged in a twisted double chain

A

Microfilaments

147
Q

forms a three-dimensional network that helps support the cell’s shape

A

Microfilaments

148
Q

Microfilaments are also involved in cell movements; filamentous form of actin serves as a track for the movement of a motor protein called__________, cause contraction of muscle cells (actin and myosin are plentiful in muscle cells)

A

myosin

149
Q

Microfilaments help in Cell division in animal cells and ________________ which is the circular movement of the cytoplasm in plant cells

A

cytoplasmic streaming

150
Q

can depolymerize (disassemble) and reform quickly, thus enabling a cell to change its shape and move; white blood cells make good use of this ability by moving to the site of infection and phagocytize the pathogen

A

Microfilament

151
Q

made from various fibrous proteins and have a ropelike structure

A

Intermediate filaments

152
Q
  • no role in cell movement; their role is purely structural, maintaining the shape of the cell, and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place
  • most durable element of the cytoskeleton in animal cells
A

Intermediate Filaments

153
Q

provides structural stability (part of intermediate filament)

A

Vimentin

154
Q

found in epithelial cells and structures such as hair and fingernails

A

keratin

155
Q

intermediate filaments of nerve cells are called ___________

A

neuro-filaments

156
Q

straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins consisting of dimers of α- and β- tubulin subunits

A

Microtubules

157
Q

in many animal cells, microtubules grow out from a “microtubule-organizing center” called a __________

A

centrosome

158
Q

within the centrosome is a pair of ____________(barrel-shaped organelles found in the cells of animals and most protists; they occur in pairs, usually at right angles to each other near the nuclear membrane)

A

centrioles

159
Q

Each centriole is composed of nine triplets of ___________.

A

microtubules

160
Q

T or F. Centrioles are usually found in plant cells.

A

F.

161
Q

shape and support the cell and also acts as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move.

A

Microtubules

162
Q

a circle of nine microtubule pairs surrounding two central microtubules (9 + 2 structure)

A

Eukaryotic cells:

163
Q

made up of strands of the protein actin; often interact with strands of other proteins

A

microfilaments

164
Q

made up of fibrous proteins organized into tough, ropelike assemblies that stabilize a cells’ structure and help maintain its shape

A

Intermediate Filaments

165
Q

Long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin. Tubulin consists of 2 subunits, a-tubulin and b-tubulin.

A

Microtubules

166
Q

short cellular projections that are often organized in rows
- are more numerous than flagella on the cell surface

A

Cilia

167
Q

Specialized Cell Structures

A
  • Centrosome
  • Lysosomes
  • Chloroplasts
  • Central vacuole
  • Cell wall
168
Q

In plants and protists, the cell walls are made of ___________, whereas in fungi, the cell walls are composed of ______.

A

cellulose; chitin

169
Q

In plants:
- ____________ are laid down when the cell is still growing

A

primary walls

170
Q

between the walls of adjacent cells a sticky substance, called the ____________________, glues the cells together

A

middle lamella

171
Q

some plants produce strong ________________, which are deposited inside the primary walls of fully expanded cells

A

secondary walls

172
Q

Instead of cell walls, animals secrete a mixture of glycoproteins into the space around them, forming the _______________

A

extracellular matrix

173
Q

Fibrous protein __________ (also found in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments) may be abundant in ECM, together with another fibrous protein, ___________; they are embedded in a complex web of other glycoproteins, called ____________, that form a protective layer over the cell surface

A

collagen; elastin; proteoglycans

174
Q

T or F. Connections between cells, markers of cellular identity, and cell communication involve membrane proteins and proteins secreted by cells.

A

T

175
Q

___________ (surface markers) give cells identity

A

Surface proteins

176
Q

most tissue-specific cell-surface markers are _____________, lipids with carbohydrate heads

A

glycolipids

177
Q

the immune system must recognize “self” and “non-self” in order to defend themselves against invading or malignant cells. They use a particular set of markers, encoded by genes of the __________

A

MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)

178
Q

mechanically attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the cytoskeletons of other cells or to the extracellular matrix

A

Adhesive/anchoring junctions

179
Q

cadherin-based junction unique to vertebrates. cadherins interact with intermediate filaments
- join adjacent cells
- support tissues against mechanical stress

A
  • Desmosomes
180
Q

the membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, knit together by proteins

A

Tight junctions

181
Q

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.
- lines the digestive tract, preventing the contents from leaking into surrounding tissues

A

Tight junctions

182
Q

are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between neighboring cells

A

communicating junctions

183
Q

these junctions are especially common in animal embryos, where chemical communication between cells is essential for development

A

communicating junctions

184
Q

communicating junctions are called ______________ in animals; _____________ in plants

A

gap junctions; plasmodesmata

185
Q

a channel through the cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move back and forth as needed

A

plasmodesmata

GRADE 11 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions