Final (Questionnaire questions) Flashcards by kate terrill

Describe the outer conformation of a bone

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What is a nutrient foramen?

a small opening in the shaft of a long bone that allows blood vessels to pass through and deliver nutrients and oxygen to the bone

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Describe the concepts of agonist and antagonist muscle

Antagonist: Muscle(s) that oppose the agonist muscles action.

Agonist: Muscle(s) that produces an action.
In this group the main muscle can be named as primer mover.

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Describe the concepts of a synergist muscle and fixator

Synergist: Helper muscle(s) of the agonist muscles.

Fixator: Muscle(s) that “fix” a joint preventing the movement.

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Name the bony structures/joints that can be palpated in the thoracic limb (10)

-Humeral joint
-Greater tubercle of the humerus(point of shoulder)
-Acromion and spine of scapula
-Deltoid tuberosity
-lesser tubercle of the humerus
-Cubital joint
-coronoid process of the ulna
-head of radius
-olecranon
-medial styloid process of radius/lateral styloid of ulna
-medial/lateral epicondyles of humerus
-Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint

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Understand where the extensors and flexor muscles for the shoulder joints are located

flex: teres minor, teres major, deltoideus, long head of tricep

extend: supraspinatus, bicep brachii

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Describe the actions and position of the muscles and tendons in the antebrachium and manus

look at notes–thats alot to write

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Understand the concepts of axial and abaxial

axial: all surfaces point towards the axial

abaxial: away from axis

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Explain the concept of center of ossification and apply it in different bones as coxal, femur

primary vs. secondary

Primary center of ossification:
Before birth, located in the diaphysis

Secondary: After birth, located in epiphysis and large eminences

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Describe the bones that form the carpus

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In the tarsus put special attention in structures that are close related with flexor tendons

past study guide mentions calcanean tuber

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Name the bones using an Xray of the manus and the pes

use Illinois x-rays

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Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: cervical

Lateral vertebral foramen and transverse foramen of the ATLAS (c1)

transverse foramen on C2-C6

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Describe some important differences in the bones of dogs and cats in the thoracic limb

6 main differences

humerus of cat : supracondylar foramen

scapula of cat: hamate and suprahamate process to make the acromion & larger coracoid process

clavicle present (floating)

radius: articular circumference more extensive

digits: distal phalax when claw is retracted is axial or abaxial to middle phalanx

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What is the position of the valves in the heart during systole and diastole?

systole: Mitral and Tricuspid are closed
Aortic and Pulmonary valves open

diastole:Mitral and Tricuspid are open
Aortic and Pulmonary valves closed

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Name the large arterial and venous vessels found in the thorax. Indicate what areas are drained by the different veins.

Exam 2 bible page 10

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Name the main branches of the brachial a

deep brachial a.
bicipital a.
collateral ulnar a.
superficial brachial a.
transverse cubital a.
common interosseous a.

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Identify the superficial veins in the thoracic limb

omobrachial v.
axillobrachial v.
cephalic v.
medial cubital v.
accessory cephalic v.

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Describe the formation of a spinal nerve

Dorsal horn–>Dorsal root–> spinal ganglion
&
Ventral horn–> ventral root

these meet to make a spinal nerve

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Differentiate among roots, spinal nerve
and branches and the different fibers that run in each structure

dorsal: sensory or afferent (goes towards CNS); GSA

ventral: motor or efferent (goes towards muscle or gland) GSE

lateral: GVE and GVA

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Identify the nerves in charge of flexion and extension of the carpal joints

Flex: median n. and ulnar n.

extend: radial n.

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Name the branches of the abdominal aorta in order from cranial to caudal

phrenicoabdominal
celiac
cranial mesenteric
renal
gonad
deep circumflex iliac
external iliac
internal iliac
median sacral

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Name the branches of the femoral a

superficial circumflex iliac
lateral circumflex iliac
proximal caudal femoral
saphenous
middle caudal femoral
descending genicular
distal caudal femoral

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Define intercostal nerve

There are thoracic spinal nerves (T3-T12) that splits into dorsal and ventral branch–ventral branches= intercostal nerve

motor and cutaneous sensory
–motor to: external/internal intercostal, transverse thoracic and rectus abdominis

–lateral cutaneous br: skin
–ventral cutaneous br: skin near sternum

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What nerve is responsible for the adduction of the coxal joint and therefore the pelvic limb

Obturator nerve is motor to: external obturator pectineus gracilis adductors **innervates adductors of the pelvic limb***

Describe the vagal nerve in the thorax mentioning the organs close related **double check**

dorsal vagal: stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, small/large intestine until transverse colon ventral vagal: stomach and spleen

Describe the adrenal glands including the location of these glands.

*retroperitoneal *craniomedially to kidney’s cranial pole *small size compared to kidneys

Name the mammary glands from cranial to caudal

1. Thoracic 2. Abdominal 3. Inguinal

Describe the position and the organs related (attached) to the lesser and greater omentum membranes of the central mesentery that connects the stomach with the liver

lesser omentum hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament

Using the 9 abdominal regions, indicate where is the normal location of the different parts of the stomach.

Left hypochondrium: Fundus of stomach Xiphoid: Body of stomach Right hypochondrium: Pylorus of stomach

Describe the pancreas and its ducts indicating what peritoneal membranes are related with the right and left lobes.

right lobe: in mesoduodenum left lobe: within deep leaf of greater omentum body: near pylorus

Describe the position and conformation (lobes) of the liver.

– Right lateral (RL) – Right medial (RM) – Quadrate (Q) – Left medial (LM) – Left lateral (LL) – Caudate: * Caudate process (CP)(impression of R kidney) * Papillary process (PP) Right lobes= Right hypochondrium Liver/gallbladder= Xiphoid Left lobes= Left hypochondrium

Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder

Stomach: orange spleen: pink Left kidney: black Right kidney: light orange duodenum: light blue colon: dark blue

Describe the conformation of the penis including fibrous and erectile tissue. Relate those tissues with the erectile muscles of the penis

Erectile tissue of penis: 1. corpus cavernosum penis(fills w blood upon erection) 2. corpus spongiosum penis 3. corpus spongiosum glandis of bulbus glandis 4. corpus spongiosum glandis of the pars longa glandis erectile muscle of penis: bulbospongiosus m. ischiocavernosus m. retractor penis m.

Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube

Describe the blood supply of the spleen and its relationship with the stomach

SPLEEN is in superficial leaf of greater omentum Splenic a. branches from the Celiac a. Splenic a. branches into: 1. left gastromental a.(greater curve and omentum of stomach) 2. short gastric( fundus of stomach) 3. pancreatic branches (left lobe of pancreas)

Make a list of abdominal organs that are drain directly via caudal vena cava and the organs that are drain using the portal vein system.

***remember that left testicular vein drains into left renal vein***

Name in the correct order the structures where the spermatozoid needs to pass from its formation to the exterior during an ejaculation.

1.Seminiferous Tubules 2. Rete Testis 3. Efferent Ductules 4.Epididymis (head--> body--> tail) 5. Ductus Deferens 6. prostate 7.urethra 8. External urethral orifice

Describe the maxillary nerve in the infraorbital canal and importance of this nerve during nerve block in dental procedures

maxillary nerve splits into infraorbital n. infraorbital n. innervates upper lip, teeth, nose and gums (important for a dental procedure)

Indicate the olfactory nerves pathways from the receptors to the olfactory bulb. Indicate what bony structure and foramina must be crossed.

olfactory receptors, CN 1, into cribriform plate, olfactory bulb **sense of smell bypasses the thalamus**

Name the teeth using the modified triadan numeric system

Describe the periorbita and its content (eye muscles, optic nerve, ophthalmic vessels). Name the vessels, nerves and salivary gland that are close related and ventrally located to the periorbita

periorbita: Fascia that encapsule the extrinsic muscles that moves the eye, periorbital adipose tissue, vessels and nerves ventral to the periorbita: zygomatic gland, maxillary nerve and artery

Describe the major salivary glands, paying special attention to the location of the salivary ducts.

What is the action of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle?

abduct/open the glotis innervated by the caudal laryngeal n.

Given a particular movement of the eyes, describe the eye muscles and the motor nerves that are participating in that specific moment List Rectus and Oblique muscles

Dorsal rectus=oculomotor nerve CN III Ventral rectus= oculomotor nerve CN III Medial rectus= oculomotor nerve CN III Lateral rectus= abducens nerve CN VI Ventral oblique= oculomotor nerve CN III Dorsal oblique= trochlear nerve CN IV

Name the general sensory, special sensory (taste) and motor nerves related with the innervation of the tongue.

What is the main action of the recurrent laryngeal nerve? Where is it origin and location?

branch of the vagus Right: around right subclavian Left: around aortic arch motor and sensory to the larynx; if damages there is hemiparalysis

Describe the veins that drain the head. Put special attention to the origin and location of the external jugular vein

what does the facial v. drain

lips, facial, nasal area

what does the lingual v. drain

drain the oral cavity and tongue

what 2 veins make up the external jugular v.

linguofacial v. maxillary v.

Major salivary glands Runs in a horizontal direction, superficial to the masseter m. Penetrate the buccinator m. to open into the buccal vestibule at the level of the 4th superior pre-molar

Parotid duct

Runs in the sublingual space, opens in the sublingual caruncle.

Mandibular duct

connects the ovary to the abdominal wall in proximities to the caudal pole of the kidneys

*Suspensory ligament of the ovary

short & dense lig. that connects the caudal pole of the ovary with the cranial extremity of the uterine horn

*Proper ligament of the ovary

band of connective tissue that extends from the ovary to the inguinal canal

*Round ligament of the uterus

Describe the bones that form the tarsus.

-metatarsal bones -phalanges

describe the internal confirmation of bones

spongey bone= full of bone marrow compact bone(cortex)= very strong

what are the 3 parts/layers of the adrenal gland

Capsule Cortex medulla

where does the Left gastromental (gastroepiploic) artery of the splenic artery go to/supply

to the left side of great gastric curvature and great omentum

where does the Short gastric arteries of the splenic artery go to/supply

to the fundus of the stomach

where does the Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery

To the left lobe of pancreas

Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder

green:liver orange: stomach pink: spleen light orange: right kidney black: left kidney blue: colon yellow: bladder

Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder

green:liver orange: stomach pink: spleen light orange: right kidney black: left kidney blue: colon yellow: bladder **duodenum is the greyish/black squiggly thing behind the stomach**

Describe the position and the organs related (attached) to the lesser and greater omentum: connects the greater curvature of the stomach, spleen, and initial part of the duodenum

greater omentum deep leaf: encloses left lobe of pancreas superficial leaf: greater curve of stomach

Understand where the extensors and flexor muscles for the elbow joints are located

flex: biceps brachii, brachialis extend: triceps brachii, tensor facia antebrachii, anconeus

Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: thoracic and lumbar

there are no transverse foramen, there are transverse processes

Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: sacral

there is also ventral sacral foramina

proximal metatarsophalanx sesamoid bones

what duct is this: empties at major duodenal papilla

pancreatic duct

what duct is this: empties at minor duodenal papilla

accessory pancreatic duct

is the pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic in cat

pancreatic duct is ALWAYS in cats accessory is only in 20% of cats

bone forms directly within a sheet of connect tissue; no cartilage

intramembranous ossification (like in skull)

cartilaginous plate remains between and separates adjacent centers until bone is mature

endochondral ossification (primary and secondary)

what kind of bone: no dimension that greatly exceeds the other no medullary cavity

short bone

what kind of bone: 3 centers of ossification; one for the diaphysis and one for each epiphysis with a medullary cavity

long bone (humerus, femur)

what kind of bone: expands in 2 directions, no medullary cavity

flat (like in skull)

4 bones that develop from separate center of ossification within a single cartilage plate

os coxae (ischium, ilium, acetabular, pubis)

Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube and uterus: broad ligament parts

mesosalpinx mesovarium mesometrium

Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube and uterus: double plica of peritoneum which maintains ovary, uterine tube, and uterus in position --contains vessels and nerves

broad ligament

peritoneal space that encloses the ovary and formed by extension of mesovarium and mesosalpinx

ovarian bursa

the sustentaculum tali is part of the calcaneus or the talus

calcaneus

layers of the uterus

perimetrium(visceral) myometrium( smooth muscle) endometrium (uterine mucosa)

what muscle contracts for ejaculation

bulbospongiosus m

erection parasympathetic or sympathetic

parasympathetic

orange: hepatoduodenal ligament blue: hepatogastric ligament

what is pointed to in red

adipose capsule of kidney

supracondylar foramen of cat humerus **bony canal for median nerve and brachial artery

what muscle apart of the crus in present in cats but not dogs

soleus m.

what nerves are involved in the corneal reflex

afferent: nasocilliary, V1 efferent: abducen CN VI

In the PNS, axons are referred to as

nerves or root

What horn is GVE of SNS

lateral horn

what horn is GVE of PSNS

ventral horn

afferent is always _____ horn

dorsal