Final (Questionnaire questions) Flashcards
Describe the outer conformation of a bone
What is a nutrient foramen?
a small opening in the shaft of a long bone that allows blood vessels to pass through and deliver nutrients and oxygen to the bone
Describe the concepts of agonist and antagonist muscle
Antagonist: Muscle(s) that oppose the agonist muscles action.
Agonist: Muscle(s) that produces an action.
In this group the main muscle can be named as primer mover.
Describe the concepts of a synergist muscle and fixator
Synergist: Helper muscle(s) of the agonist muscles.
Fixator: Muscle(s) that “fix” a joint preventing the movement.
Name the bony structures/joints that can be palpated in the thoracic limb (10)
-Humeral joint
-Greater tubercle of the humerus(point of shoulder)
-Acromion and spine of scapula
-Deltoid tuberosity
-lesser tubercle of the humerus
-Cubital joint
-coronoid process of the ulna
-head of radius
-olecranon
-medial styloid process of radius/lateral styloid of ulna
-medial/lateral epicondyles of humerus
-Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint
Understand where the extensors and flexor muscles for the shoulder joints are located
flex: teres minor, teres major, deltoideus, long head of tricep
extend: supraspinatus, bicep brachii
Describe the actions and position of the muscles and tendons in the antebrachium and manus
look at notes–thats alot to write
Understand the concepts of axial and abaxial
axial: all surfaces point towards the axial
abaxial: away from axis
Explain the concept of center of ossification and apply it in different bones as coxal, femur
primary vs. secondary
Primary center of ossification:
Before birth, located in the diaphysis
Secondary: After birth, located in epiphysis and large eminences
Describe the bones that form the carpus
In the tarsus put special attention in structures that are close related with flexor tendons
past study guide mentions calcanean tuber
Name the bones using an Xray of the manus and the pes
use Illinois x-rays
Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: cervical
Lateral vertebral foramen and transverse foramen of the ATLAS (c1)
transverse foramen on C2-C6
Describe some important differences in the bones of dogs and cats in the thoracic limb
6 main differences
humerus of cat : supracondylar foramen
scapula of cat: hamate and suprahamate process to make the acromion & larger coracoid process
clavicle present (floating)
radius: articular circumference more extensive
digits: distal phalax when claw is retracted is axial or abaxial to middle phalanx
What is the position of the valves in the heart during systole and diastole?
systole: Mitral and Tricuspid are closed
Aortic and Pulmonary valves open
diastole:Mitral and Tricuspid are open
Aortic and Pulmonary valves closed
Name the large arterial and venous vessels found in the thorax. Indicate what areas are drained by the different veins.
Exam 2 bible page 10
Name the main branches of the brachial a
- deep brachial a.
- bicipital a.
- collateral ulnar a.
- superficial brachial a.
- transverse cubital a.
- common interosseous a.
Identify the superficial veins in the thoracic limb
omobrachial v.
axillobrachial v.
cephalic v.
medial cubital v.
accessory cephalic v.
Describe the formation of a spinal nerve
Dorsal horn–>Dorsal root–> spinal ganglion
&
Ventral horn–> ventral root
these meet to make a spinal nerve
Differentiate among roots, spinal nerve
and branches and the different fibers that run in each structure
dorsal: sensory or afferent (goes towards CNS); GSA
ventral: motor or efferent (goes towards muscle or gland) GSE
lateral: GVE and GVA
Identify the nerves in charge of flexion and extension of the carpal joints
Flex: median n. and ulnar n.
extend: radial n.
Name the branches of the abdominal aorta in order from cranial to caudal
phrenicoabdominal
celiac
cranial mesenteric
renal
gonad
deep circumflex iliac
external iliac
internal iliac
median sacral
Name the branches of the femoral a
- superficial circumflex iliac
- lateral circumflex iliac
- proximal caudal femoral
- saphenous
- middle caudal femoral
- descending genicular
- distal caudal femoral
Define intercostal nerve
There are thoracic spinal nerves (T3-T12) that splits into dorsal and ventral branch–ventral branches= intercostal nerve
motor and cutaneous sensory
–motor to: external/internal intercostal, transverse thoracic and rectus abdominis
–lateral cutaneous br: skin
–ventral cutaneous br: skin near sternum
What nerve is responsible for the adduction of the coxal joint and therefore the pelvic limb
Obturator nerve is motor to:
external obturator
pectineus
gracilis
adductors
innervates adductors of the pelvic limb*
Describe the vagal nerve in the thorax mentioning the organs close related
double check
dorsal vagal: stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, small/large intestine until transverse colon
ventral vagal: stomach and spleen
Describe the adrenal glands including the location of these glands.
*retroperitoneal
*craniomedially to kidney’s cranial pole
*small size compared to kidneys
Name the mammary glands from cranial to caudal
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Inguinal
Describe the position and the organs related (attached) to the lesser and greater omentum
membranes of the central mesentery that connects the stomach with the liver
lesser omentum
hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament
Using the 9 abdominal regions, indicate where is the normal location of the different parts of the stomach.
Left hypochondrium: Fundus of stomach
Xiphoid: Body of stomach
Right hypochondrium: Pylorus of stomach
Describe the pancreas and its ducts indicating what peritoneal membranes are related with the right and left lobes.
right lobe: in mesoduodenum
left lobe: within deep leaf of greater omentum
body: near pylorus
Describe the position and conformation (lobes) of the liver.
– Right lateral (RL)
– Right medial (RM)
– Quadrate (Q)
– Left medial (LM)
– Left lateral (LL)
– Caudate:
* Caudate process (CP)(impression of R kidney)
* Papillary process (PP)
Right lobes= Right hypochondrium
Liver/gallbladder= Xiphoid
Left lobes= Left hypochondrium
Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder
Stomach: orange
spleen: pink
Left kidney: black
Right kidney: light orange
duodenum: light blue
colon: dark blue
Describe the conformation of the penis including fibrous and erectile tissue. Relate those tissues with the erectile muscles of the penis
Erectile tissue of penis:
1. corpus cavernosum penis(fills w blood upon erection)
2. corpus spongiosum penis
3. corpus spongiosum glandis of bulbus glandis
4. corpus spongiosum glandis of the pars longa glandis
erectile muscle of penis:
bulbospongiosus m.
ischiocavernosus m.
retractor penis m.
Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube
Describe the blood supply of the spleen and its relationship with the stomach
SPLEEN is in superficial leaf of greater omentum
Splenic a. branches from the Celiac a.
Splenic a. branches into:
1. left gastromental a.(greater curve and omentum of stomach)
- short gastric( fundus of stomach)
- pancreatic branches (left lobe of pancreas)
Make a list of abdominal organs that are drain directly via caudal vena cava and the organs that are drain using the portal vein system.
remember that left testicular vein drains into left renal vein
Name in the correct order the structures where the spermatozoid needs to pass from its formation to the exterior during an ejaculation.
1.Seminiferous Tubules
2. Rete Testis
3. Efferent Ductules
4.Epididymis (head–> body–> tail)
5. Ductus Deferens
6. prostate
7.urethra
8. External urethral orifice
Describe the maxillary nerve in the infraorbital canal and importance of this nerve during nerve block in dental procedures
maxillary nerve splits into infraorbital n.
infraorbital n. innervates upper lip, teeth, nose and gums (important for a dental procedure)
Indicate the olfactory nerves pathways from the receptors to the olfactory bulb.
Indicate what bony structure and foramina must be crossed.
olfactory receptors, CN 1, into cribriform plate, olfactory bulb
sense of smell bypasses the thalamus
Name the teeth using the modified triadan numeric system
Describe the periorbita and its content (eye muscles, optic nerve, ophthalmic
vessels).
Name the vessels, nerves and salivary gland that are close related and ventrally located to the periorbita
periorbita: Fascia that encapsule the extrinsic
muscles that moves the eye, periorbital adipose tissue, vessels and nerves
ventral to the periorbita: zygomatic gland, maxillary nerve and artery
Describe the major salivary glands, paying special attention to the location of the salivary ducts.
What is the action of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle?
abduct/open the glotis
innervated by the caudal laryngeal n.
Given a particular movement of the eyes, describe the eye muscles and the motor nerves that are participating in that specific moment
List Rectus and Oblique muscles
Dorsal rectus=oculomotor nerve CN III
Ventral rectus= oculomotor nerve CN III
Medial rectus= oculomotor nerve CN III
Lateral rectus= abducens nerve CN VI
Ventral oblique= oculomotor nerve CN III
Dorsal oblique= trochlear nerve CN IV
Name the general sensory, special sensory (taste) and motor nerves related with the
innervation of the tongue.
What is the main action of the recurrent laryngeal nerve? Where is it origin and location?
branch of the vagus
Right: around right subclavian
Left: around aortic arch
motor and sensory to the larynx; if damages there is hemiparalysis
Describe the veins that drain the head. Put special attention to the origin and location of the external jugular vein
what does the facial v. drain
lips, facial, nasal area
what does the lingual v. drain
drain the oral cavity and tongue
what 2 veins make up the external jugular v.
linguofacial v.
maxillary v.
Major salivary glands
Runs in a horizontal direction, superficial to the masseter m. Penetrate the buccinator m. to open into the buccal vestibule at the level of the 4th superior pre-molar
Parotid duct
Runs in the sublingual space, opens in the sublingual caruncle.
Mandibular duct
connects the ovary to the abdominal wall in proximities to the caudal pole of the kidneys
*Suspensory ligament of the ovary
short & dense lig. that connects the caudal pole of the ovary with the cranial extremity of the uterine horn
*Proper ligament of the ovary
band of connective tissue that extends from the ovary to the inguinal canal
*Round ligament of the uterus
Describe the bones that form the tarsus.
-metatarsal bones
-phalanges
describe the internal confirmation of bones
spongey bone= full of bone marrow
compact bone(cortex)= very strong
what are the 3 parts/layers of the adrenal gland
Capsule
Cortex
medulla
where does the Left gastromental (gastroepiploic) artery of the splenic artery go to/supply
to the left side of great gastric curvature and great omentum
where does the Short gastric arteries of the splenic artery go to/supply
to the fundus of the stomach
where does the Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery
To the left lobe of pancreas
Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder
green:liver
orange: stomach
pink: spleen
light orange: right kidney
black: left kidney
blue: colon
yellow: bladder
Observing an Xray identify: Kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen, colon and urinary bladder
green:liver
orange: stomach
pink: spleen
light orange: right kidney
black: left kidney
blue: colon
yellow: bladder
duodenum is the greyish/black squiggly thing behind the stomach
Describe the position and the organs related (attached) to the lesser and greater omentum:
connects the greater curvature of the stomach, spleen, and initial part of the duodenum
greater omentum
deep leaf: encloses left lobe of pancreas
superficial leaf: greater curve of stomach
Understand where the extensors and flexor muscles for the elbow joints are located
flex: biceps brachii, brachialis
extend: triceps brachii, tensor facia antebrachii, anconeus
Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: thoracic and lumbar
there are no transverse foramen, there are transverse processes
Describe a given vertebra, indicating the names of the foramina that you can find in different vertebral segment: sacral
there is also ventral sacral foramina
proximal metatarsophalanx sesamoid bones
what duct is this:
empties at major duodenal papilla
pancreatic duct
what duct is this:
empties at minor duodenal papilla
accessory pancreatic duct
is the pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic in cat
pancreatic duct is ALWAYS in cats
accessory is only in 20% of cats
bone forms directly within a sheet of connect tissue; no cartilage
intramembranous ossification
(like in skull)
cartilaginous plate remains between and separates adjacent centers until bone is mature
endochondral ossification (primary and secondary)
what kind of bone:
no dimension that greatly exceeds the other
no medullary cavity
short bone
what kind of bone:
3 centers of ossification; one for the diaphysis and one for each epiphysis
with a medullary cavity
long bone (humerus, femur)
what kind of bone:
expands in 2 directions, no medullary cavity
flat (like in skull)
4 bones that develop from separate center of ossification within a single cartilage plate
os coxae (ischium, ilium, acetabular, pubis)
Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube and uterus:
broad ligament parts
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesometrium
Identify the membranes/ligaments that support the ovary, uterine tube and uterus:
double plica of peritoneum which maintains ovary, uterine tube, and uterus in position –contains vessels and nerves
broad ligament
peritoneal space that encloses the ovary and formed by extension of mesovarium and mesosalpinx
ovarian bursa
the sustentaculum tali is part of the calcaneus or the talus
calcaneus
layers of the uterus
perimetrium(visceral)
myometrium( smooth muscle)
endometrium (uterine mucosa)
what muscle contracts for ejaculation
bulbospongiosus m
erection
parasympathetic or sympathetic
parasympathetic
orange: hepatoduodenal ligament
blue: hepatogastric ligament
what is pointed to in red
adipose capsule of kidney
supracondylar foramen of cat humerus
**bony canal for median nerve and brachial artery
what muscle apart of the crus in present in cats but not dogs
soleus m.
what nerves are involved in the corneal reflex
afferent: nasocilliary, V1
efferent: abducen CN VI
In the PNS, axons are referred to as
nerves or root
What horn is GVE of SNS
lateral horn
what horn is GVE of PSNS
ventral horn
afferent is always _____ horn
dorsal
