exam 1: axial skeleton Flashcards
- Interspinous ligg.
- Flavum ligg. (elastic)
- Apical lig. of the dens (atlatoaxial joint)
- Alar ligg. (atlatoaxial joint)
- Transverse lig. of the atlas (atlatoaxial joint)
are these short or long ligaments of vertebral column?
Short ligaments of the vertebral column
- Supraspinous lig.
- Nuchal lig. (elastic)
- Dorsal longitudinal lig.
- Ventral longitudinal lig.
are these short or long ligaments of vertebral column?
large ligaments of the vertebral column
what kind of joint are immobile and are when bones are united by dense CT
fibrous joints
Sindesmosis
this kind of joint is semi-mobile and bone are united by cartilage
cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
this kind of joint is mobile and is filled with fluid
synovial joint
what kind of joint is in between articular processes of the Vertebral Column
Synovial joint(s)
-Pivot(Trochoid)
- Plane
what kind of joint are:
Atlantooccipital joint
Atlantoaxial joint
Synovial joints
Between the vertebral arches of a neighbored
vertebrae, a space
named ____________ is formed
interarcual space
Between the vertebral arches of a neighbored vertebrae, a space
named interarcual space is formed.
That space is closed with a short and strong elastic ligament or _____________
flavum ligament
what Lig. that joint the most dorsal end of all spinous processes
Except in the cervical region
Supraspinous lig (syndesmosis)
what membranous Lig. that joint the caudal border
of a spinous process with the cranial border
of the spinous process of the caudal vertebra.
Except in the cervical region
Interspinous lig (Syndesmosis)
what is this
Nuchal ligaments
Elastic lig. Is the continuation of the
supraspinous lig. in the cervical region in dogs.
Prevent the fatigue of theepaxial mm. of the neck
Absent in cats
Nuchal ligaments
Band of connective tissue that runs in a
cranio-caudal direction dorsal to the vertebral bodies.
Attaches to the
vertebrae and the vertebral discs
Dorsal longitudinal lig. (Syndesmosis)
Wide band of connective tissue that runs in a
cranio-caudal direction ventral to the vertebral
bodies.
Attaches to the vertebrae and the vertebral discs
Ventral longitudinal lig ((Syndesmosis)
a fibrocartilage cushion that joint two vertebral bodies together.
Is classified as symphysis.
Is formed by a fibrous ring with a central gelatinous
mass or nucleus pulposus that act as a shock absorbing system
Intervertebral disc
what synovial joint resist the compression of the vertebral bodies
Nucleus pulposus
what synovial joint contain the nucleus pulposus and keep the vertebral bodies together
Fibrous ring
Costotransverse joint is what kind of joint
synovial- plane
Costovertebral joint is what kind of joint
synovial-plane
what is 1 and 2 of the ribs
- tubercle
- head
what kind of joint is between costal tubercle of the rib & transverse process of the vertebra.
Both bones have the same number
e.g: Rib 7 with Vertebra T7
Rib #7
Costotransverse joint
wha kind of joint among the head of the rib& the costal fovea of the same number of vertebra and the costal fovea of the cranial vertebra
costovertebral joint
T/F The last 3 thoracic vertebrae have only a cranial costal fovea in their
bodies
true
what does the red arrow point to
intercapital lig
Ligament that connects
the heads of the corresponding ribs from right and left sides.
Vertebral column: dog formula
C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20–23
body surmounted by an arch that completes the enclosure of a vertebral
foramen
Typical vertebra
what is red representing
what is blue representing
red: arch
blue: body
what are the green parts
what are the purple parts
green: lamina
purple: pedicle
The bases of the pedicles are __________ , and when
successive bones articulate, these notches combine to
outline intervertebral foramina
The bases of the pedicles are notched, and when
successive bones articulate, these notches combine to
outline intervertebral foramina
what is the teal part
what are the pink parts
teal: spinous process
pink: transverse process
what is highlighted in red
Articular processes
(cranial & Caudal)
Label 1-4 on the body of the veterbrae
- dorsal surface
- cranial surface (convex)
- median crest (centrally)
- caudal surface (concave)
The summation of the vertebral foramina constitutes the vertebral _____
canal
is wider in cervical and lumbar regions and narrows in thoracic and sacral segments.
Contain the spinal cord, roots of the spinal nerves,
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, vessels and adipose
tissue that filles the epidural space.
Vertebral canal
list the boundaries of intervertebral foramen
- Articular processes
(cranial & Caudal) - pedicle
- Intervertebral disc
label 1-4 on the cervical vertebrae
- atlas
- axis
- 3-6 cervical vertebras
- 7th vertebra
Identify 1-5 of the atlas
- alar notch
- wing
- fovea dentis
- transverse foramen
- laterial vertebral foramen
what is being pointed to
wing of atlas
what vertebrae is this
axis
Label 1-6 of the Axis
- spinous process
- Dens (odontoid process)
- transverse foramen
- Median crest
- Transverse process
- Caudal articular process
Label 1-6 on the vertebrae of 3-6 cervical vertebrae
- Cranial articular process
- spinous process (small)
- Caudal articular process
- Transverse foramen
- Median crest
- Doble Transverse process
what is being pointed to
Lamina ventralis
Label 1-5 of C7
- Spinous process
In a vertical position - Caudal articular process
- Costal fovea To articulate with the head of rib#1
- Transverse process is
simple - Cranial articular process
Does C7 have a transverse foramen
NO
Label 1-6 on the Thoracic vertebrae
- spinous process
- Caudal articular process
- Body with costal foveae
- Transverse process with a costal fovea
- Mamillary process
- Cranial articular process
Small flat surfaces
how many pairs of ribs are in a dog/cat
13 pairs
_________ are
arranged in pairs and
generally articulate with two successive vertebrae: the caudal one is that with the same numerical designation
the ribs
Label 1-7 on the rib
- tubercle
- head
3.neck
4.angle - body
- costal cartilage
- costochondral junction
The first 1- 9 ribs are known as ___________ribs, because they articulate
directly with the sternum
sternal or “true”
Ribs 10-13 are the______________ ribs, because they don’t articulate directly with sternum.
asternal or “false”
The last pair of ribs #13 ____________ ribs. The ventral end of these ribs do not
joint with any cartilage or bone.
floating
The cartilages of the
asternal ribs combine to
form the
costal arch
what is the most cranial part of the sternum
Manubrium
Label the 3 parts of the sternum
- Manubrium- Articulate with the first costal cartilages
- Body of the bone is composed of several
segments (sternebrae) - Xiphoid process & cartilage
what is being pointed to
Sternebrae
what is the all encompassing term for what is highlighted in yellow
“Thoracic cage”
what is the yellow arrow pointing to
Cranial thoracic aperture
or thoracic inlet
what 3 things make up the thoracic inlet
1.bodies and disc of C7-T1 vertebrae
- first ribs and costal cartilages
- manubrium of the
sternum
The thoracic inlet is an open and narrow space for the
passage of
vessels, nerves, trachea,
esophagus among others
what is outlined in red
Caudal thoracic
aperture or thoracic outlet
what 3 things make up the
thoracic outlet
- the bodies and disc
between the T13-L1 vertebrae - last ribs, costal arches
- xiphoid process.
The thoracic outlet is closed by the
diaphragm
label 1-4 of the Lumbar vertebrae
- Cranial articular process
mamillary process - Transverse process
- spinous process
- Caudal articular process
what is being pointed to
Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
what are the blue arrows pointing to
what are the red stars representing
blue: mamillary processes
red: Accesory processes
how many sacral vertebrae do dogs have
3
label 1-5 on the sacrum
(dorsal)
1.Cranial articular processes
2.Wing of the sacrum with
auricular articular surface
of the ilium
- spinous processes
- Caudal articular processes
- Dorsal sacral foramina
label 1-4 of the sacrum (ventral)
- Promontory
- Wing of the sacrum with
auricular articular surface - Caudal articular processes
- Ventral sacral foramina
what is being pointed to in blue
Hemal arch
what is the removal of the tail called
where do we cut
caudectomy
between 5 and 6
Label 1-5 of the sacrum
- Rudimentary articular processes
- Spinous processes
- Vertebral canal
- Wing of the sacrum with
auricular articular surface - Promontory
