exam 2: general nervous system concept Flashcards by kate terrill

CNS: Central Nervous System is split into 2 structures. what are those structures?

Encephalon (Brain)
Spinal cord (Medulla Spinalis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the NS that is protected by bony cavities (Cranial cavity and vertebral canal), and three layes of membranes known as meninges

CNS: Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anatomical divisions of the Nervous system s

CNS (central nervous system)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

12 pairs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

36 pairs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PNS: Peripheral Nervous System consist of (3)

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Spinal nerves (36 pairs)

Nerves & trunks of autonomic nerve system (ANS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functional divisions of the Nervous system (2)

SNS: Somatic Nervous System
ANS: Autonomic Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the Somatic Nervous system
voluntary or involuntary?
skeletal or smooth?

voluntary, skeletal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the Autonomic Nervous system
voluntary or involuntary?
skeletal or smooth?

involuntary
visceral(smooth, heart, glands)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the CNS many somas are called (general term)

grey matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the CNS specific somas are called

nucleus (bunch of somas with specific function)
or
cortex (layer of somas)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the CNS a group of axons is called (general term)

white matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the terms tract, funiculo, fasciculus, lemniscus, and peduncle all refer to

axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

association, projection and comminssural are terms for

fibers in CNS related to axon in CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If you take a sample from the CNS and you notice a mix of somas and axons, what is it called

reticular formation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the PNS, a group of somas are called

ganglion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the PNS, if we have a group of axons they are called

nerves, root, trunk or branches

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do you have nerves in your brain

no, they’re tract, funiculo, fasciculus, lemniscus, and peduncles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is there a reticular formation in the PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what 3 main layers form the embryo

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in embryonic development, what layer is neural tissue, epidermis

ectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in embryonic development, what layer develops into somites that differentiate into skeletal and muscle tissues, the notochord, blood vessels,
dermis, and connective tissues

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in embryonic development, what layer epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas

Endoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the ____________ is formed in the ectoderm,
dorsal to the notochord of the mesoderm

neural plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The cells in the neural plate form a ____________

neural groove

The cells in the borders of the neural groove form the ____________

neural crests

The cells of neural crests will form most of what system

Peripheral nerve system, including ganglia and spinal nerves

The rest of cells in the neural groove will close and form the _____________, including the _________ in the middle

neural tube, neural canal

The neural tube will form what system

Central nerve system, including encephalon and spinal cord.

what kind of section is this

transverse section

identify 1-3

1. ectoderm 2. neural canal 3. neural tube

label 1 (what structure is teal) label 2 (what is leaving)

1. dorsal gray column- receive info from outside 2. axons of ventral root- send info towards tissues

what is being pointed to

Encephalic vesicles

Prosencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

forebrain

Mesencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

midbrain

Rombencephalon (hindbrain, forebrain or midbrain)

hindbrain

label 1-3

1. Prosencephalon- forebrain 2. Mesencephalon- midbrain 3. Rombencephalon-hindbrain

limit between Spinal cord and brainstem is known as what part of the spinal cord

Pyramidal decussation:

the Caudal end of the spinal cord is called

Medullary cone

name parts 1and 2 of the spinal cord

1. Pyramidal decussation: 2. Medullary cone

Place where the pyramidal fiber (upper motor neurons) cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord

Pyramidal decussation

what is the red arrow pointing to (be specific)

Pyramidal decussation

Medullary cone, end of spinal cord is located where in the cat? dog?

Cats: Between S2 & S3 Dogs: Between L6 & L7

the segments that gives origin to the nerves supplying the thoracic and pelvic limbs are called

intumescentiae (enlarged part of spinal cord)

Cervical intumescence are located in what vertebrae

C6–T2: thoracic limbs innervation

Lumbar intumescence are located in what vertebrae

L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera innervation

these are showing the spinal cord in what cross section

transverse section

the funiculi are composed of _________________ axon fibers, of which many are grouped within bundles (fasciculi or tracts) of common origin, destination, and function

ascending and descending

label from top to bottom

"highways" top= Dorsal funiculus middle= Lateral funiculus bottom=ventral funiculus

what is being represented in blue? red?

blue= ascending axon fibers red= descending axon fibers

what is the blue arrow pointing to? red? green?

blue: Dorsal horn red: Lateral horn Thoracic & Lumbar segments green: Ventral horn

what does blue represent? red?

blue: Sensory or Afferent From the body toward CNS red: Motor or Efferent (effect): Toward a muscle or gland

Label 1-4 TOWARDS THE CNS

1. Spinal nerve (sensory/motor) 2. Spinal ganglion 3. dorsal root 4. dorsal horn

label 1-3 TOWARDS MUSCLE/GLAND

1.ventral horn 2. ventral root 3. spinal nerve (sensory/motor)

Afferent neurons are ____________ neurons

Pseudounipolar

label 1-3

1. spinal ganglion 2. spinal nerve 3. intervertebral foramen

what rootlets are represented by blue? red?

blue: dorsal rootlets red: ventral rootlets

neural canal expands to form

brain

all spinal nerves are within the intervertebral foramen except

Domestic dog has ____ pairs of cervical spinal nn

Domestic dog has ____pairs of thoracic spinal nn

Domestic dog has ____pairs of lumbar spinal nn.

Domestic dog has ____pairs of sacral spinal nn

Domestic dog has ____pairs of caudal spinal nn

what is being pointed to

dorsal rootlets of C1

Label A-E sections of the spinal cord

A: Cervical (C1–5: neck) B: Cervical intumescence (C6–T2: thoracic limbs) C: Thoracolumbar (T3–L3: trunk) D: Lumbosacral intumescence (L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera) E:Caudal segments (Cd1–5: tail)

GSE neurons stands for

General Somatic Efferent

what does E stand for in GSE neuron

Efferent Motor impulse to a skeletal muscle That will stimulate the contraction of the muscle cells

GSE neurons live in the __________

ventral horn

how many GSE neurons leave ventral horn and go to skeletal muscle

one neuron (can have a bunch of one neuron signals)

is confined to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), you may think of it as a “central motor neuron”

Upper motor neuron (UMN)

has its cell body in the CNS, but the the axon is in the periphery, you may think of itas a “peripheral motor neuron"

Lower motor neuron (LMN)

Describe where the motor neuron is in 1-3

1. Soma of motor neuron in ventral horn 2. ventral horn 3. Motor neuron in dorsal branch of spinal nerve

Describe where the motor neuron is in 1-3

1.Motor neuron in ventral root 2. Motor neuron in spinal nerve 3. Motor neuron in ventral branch of spinal nerve

What does GSA neuron stand for

General Somatic Afferent

GSA neuron: Receptors in skin, cornea, mucosa, hair/feather follicle, connective tissue is referred to as

Tactile and nociception

GSA neuron: Length changes Receptors in tendons, Ligaments, muscles, joints is referred to collectively as

Proprioception

Is Afferent towards or away from CNS

transmit sensory impulses towards CNS

A reflex comprises three parts list them.

Sensory input Central connection Output

peripheral receptor- afferent neuron what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

sensory input

in the brain or spinal cord- interneuron what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

central connection

lower (peripheral) motor neuron that connects to the muscle via a neuromuscular junction what part of a reflex is this? (sensory, central connection, output)

output

Damage to any one of the reflex components (sensory, central connection, and output) will result in a

reduction or loss of the reflex

Gravity (arrow) stretches the extensor muscle, stimulating its contraction via the reflex arc. The flexor muscle is inhibited by a collateral fiber and an inhibiting interneuron

Myotatic reflex arc

Damage to UMNs reflexes will still be present; they may even be increased due to loss of ___________________

inhibitory UMN influence

Damage to LMNs results in

Reduced/lost reflexes