Final Exam Review Questions From Lecture Flashcards
what fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?
1/4
the blood-filtering structure of the kidey
glomerulus
urine-forming units of the kidneys
nephrons
which structures in the kidney are associated with the vasa recta?
juxtamedullary nephrons
which cells make up the juxtaglomerular complex?
granular and macula densa cells
how would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?
due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower
what type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?
the afferent arterioles would constrict.
when are autoregulatory mechanism most effective?
when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180
extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulation what?
systemic blood pressure
what would be the effect on urine output if sodium channel in the tubule cells were inhibited?
the volume would increase
why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?
aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium
which process in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?
secretion
how does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquporins into the apical membrane
why do people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have a fruity odor?
due to the presence of acetone
what features of the bladder predispose it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly
the walls are highly folded into rugae and epithelium is transitional
another term for urination
micturition
2 main fluid compartments within the body
intracellular
extracellular
what is the most potent stimulus for thirst?
an increase in plasma osmolality
what happens to urine when the ADH levels are low?
urine is diluted
what indirectly assesses blood sodium levels?
baroreceptors
what is the stimulus for release of ANP?
- blood pressure increse
- increase in preload
- the walls of the atria are stretched
the initial H+ regulatory mechanism of the body
chemical buffers
the major ECF buffer system in the body
bicarbonate buffer system
how might the pH of the intracellular fluid change when cells increase their rate of metabolism?
the pH would decrease
if the blood pH lowers what change would you expect from the respiratory system?
the respiration rate would increase
what imbalance would severe diarrhea cause?
metabolic acidosis
what metabolic effect would you expect if someone developed an autoimmune disease in which the person’s interstitial endocrine cells were destroyed?
testosterone production would plummet
the final sperm carrying duct that deposits sperm into the female reproductive tract
urethra
which glands are responsible for producing seminal fluid
seminal glands and the prostate
how many sperm can be released with each ejaculation?
750 million
which component in semen stimulates the uterus to contract in reverse peristalsis?
prostaglandins
if testosterone were ineffective during the development of a males brain, what might be the outcome?
the brain might have female orientation and the gender identity may be ambiguous
what does a ruptured follicle transform into?
corpus luteum
part of the uterus that provides nourishment to the embryo until the placenta is formed
endometrium
the major difference between spematogenesis and oogenesis?
oogenesis only produces one cell
what does LH stimulate the production of by the follicular thecal cells?
androgens
why is menstruation the first day of a new cycle?
without feedback from a fertilized zygote, the corpus luteum degenerates and pituitary hormones are no longer under ovarian negative feedback
structures in the female that are homologous to the scrotum
labia majora
how long after ovulation does implantation occur?
6-7 days
