Final Exam Review Questions From Lecture

Question 1

what fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?

Answer 1

1/4

Question 2

the blood-filtering structure of the kidey

Answer 2

glomerulus

Question 3

urine-forming units of the kidneys

Answer 3

nephrons

Question 4

which structures in the kidney are associated with the vasa recta?

Answer 4

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 5

which cells make up the juxtaglomerular complex?

Answer 5

granular and macula densa cells

Question 6

how would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?

Answer 6

due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower

Question 7

what type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?

Answer 7

the afferent arterioles would constrict.

Question 8

when are autoregulatory mechanism most effective?

Answer 8

when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180

Question 9

extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulation what?

Answer 9

systemic blood pressure

Question 10

what would be the effect on urine output if sodium channel in the tubule cells were inhibited?

Answer 10

the volume would increase

Question 11

why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?

Answer 11

aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium

Question 12

which process in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?

Answer 12

secretion

Question 13

how does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?

Answer 13

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquporins into the apical membrane

Question 14

why do people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have a fruity odor?

Answer 14

due to the presence of acetone

Question 15

what features of the bladder predispose it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly

Answer 15

the walls are highly folded into rugae and epithelium is transitional

Question 16

another term for urination

Answer 16

micturition

Question 17

2 main fluid compartments within the body

Answer 17

intracellular

extracellular

Question 18

what is the most potent stimulus for thirst?

Answer 18

an increase in plasma osmolality

Question 19

what happens to urine when the ADH levels are low?

Answer 19

urine is diluted

Question 20

what indirectly assesses blood sodium levels?

Answer 20

baroreceptors

Question 21

what is the stimulus for release of ANP?

Answer 21

• blood pressure increse
• increase in preload
• the walls of the atria are stretched

Question 22

the initial H+ regulatory mechanism of the body

Answer 22

chemical buffers

Question 23

the major ECF buffer system in the body

Answer 23

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 24

how might the pH of the intracellular fluid change when cells increase their rate of metabolism?

Answer 24

the pH would decrease

Question 25

if the blood pH lowers what change would you expect from the respiratory system?

Answer 25

the respiration rate would increase

Question 26

what imbalance would severe diarrhea cause?

Answer 26

metabolic acidosis

Question 27

what metabolic effect would you expect if someone developed an autoimmune disease in which the person’s interstitial endocrine cells were destroyed?

Answer 27

testosterone production would plummet

Question 28

the final sperm carrying duct that deposits sperm into the female reproductive tract

Answer 28

urethra

Question 29

which glands are responsible for producing seminal fluid

Answer 29

seminal glands and the prostate

Question 30

how many sperm can be released with each ejaculation?

Answer 30

750 million

Question 31

which component in semen stimulates the uterus to contract in reverse peristalsis?

Answer 31

prostaglandins

Question 32

if testosterone were ineffective during the development of a males brain, what might be the outcome?

Answer 32

the brain might have female orientation and the gender identity may be ambiguous

Question 33

what does a ruptured follicle transform into?

Answer 33

corpus luteum

Question 34

part of the uterus that provides nourishment to the embryo until the placenta is formed

Answer 34

endometrium

Question 35

the major difference between spematogenesis and oogenesis?

Answer 35

oogenesis only produces one cell

Question 36

what does LH stimulate the production of by the follicular thecal cells?

Answer 36

androgens

Question 37

why is menstruation the first day of a new cycle?

Answer 37

without feedback from a fertilized zygote, the corpus luteum degenerates and pituitary hormones are no longer under ovarian negative feedback

Question 38

structures in the female that are homologous to the scrotum

Answer 38

labia majora

Question 39

how long after ovulation does implantation occur?

Answer 39

6-7 days