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A&P2 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

term for the flow of blood through a tissue or an organ

A

perfusion

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2
Q

where is blood flow the slowest?

A

capillaries

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3
Q

where is blood flow the fastest?

A

aorta

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4
Q

the formation of more blood vessles

A

angiogenesis

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5
Q

the major local factor causing dilation of arterioles

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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6
Q

vasodilation

A

the dilation and relaxation of blood pressure

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7
Q

circulatory shock

A

Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

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8
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

results from large-scale blood loss

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9
Q

Vascular shock

A

results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

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10
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

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11
Q

what does long term autoregulation of tissue perfusion depend on?

A

angiogenesis

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12
Q

how much can muscle blood flow increase by during physical activity?

A

10x

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13
Q

what can a MAP in the brain below 60 mm Hg cause?

A

syncope

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14
Q

what is syncope?

A

fainting

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15
Q

what can a MAP in the brain above 160 cause?

A

edema

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16
Q

what goes on in the heart during ventricular systole?

A

Coronary vessels are compressed
Myocardial blood flow ceases
Stored myoglobin supplies sufficient oxygen

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17
Q

what happens to the left over fluid that is not returned to the capillary?

A

it will be drained by the lymphatic system

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18
Q

5 parts of the Aorta

A 
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Descending Aorta 
Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Trunk
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19
Q

largest artery of the body

A

aorta

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20
Q

what supplies 80% of the brains blood

A

the internal carotids

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21
Q

5 main veins of the forearm

A 
Radial
Ulnar
Basilic
Cephalic
Median Antebrachial
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22
Q

3 veins of the upper arm

A

Basilic
Brachial
Cephalic

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23
Q

2 deep veins of the lower leg

A

Anterior Tibial Vein

Posterior Tibial Vein

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24
Q

2 superficial veins of the lower leg

A

Small saphenous vein

Great saphenous vein

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25
Q

what do the internal and external iliac veins unite to form?

A

Common iliac Vein

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26
Q

2 types of short-term auto regulation of tissue perfusion

A

metabolic control

myogenic control

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27
Q

how does metabolic control work?

A

by making changes to the chemical environment

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28
Q

how does myogenic control work?

A

by making changes in muscles tone of the arterioles

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29
Q

The Frank Starling Law

A

The greater the stretch of the cardiac muscle cell, the greater the force of contraction.

30
Q

why is blood flow through capillaries slow?

A

because of low pressure gradient along the blood vessel

31
Q

why is blood flow through capillaries intermittent?

A

because opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

32
Q

What type of substance diffuses directly through endothelium membranes?

A

Lipid-soluble

33
Q

What type of substance passes through clefts and fenestrations between cells?

A

Water-soluble

34
Q

The majority of water and ions move in and out of the capillaries via…?

A

bulk flow

35
Q

What are the main forces that determine the direction and amount of flow through capillaries?

A

hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

36
Q

2 types of hydrostatic pressures

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid

37
Q

What is another name for capillary colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Oncotic pressure

38
Q

What is capillary colloid osmotic pressure caused by?

A

Plasma proteins that draw back water into the vessel

39
Q

What is a late sign of circulatory shock?

A

Acute hypotension

40
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
41
Q

the first and shortest part of the Aorta

A

ascending aorta

42
Q

What are the two branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

43
Q

longest part of the aorta

A

descending aorta

44
Q

What runs downward along the vertebral column before entering the abdominal cavity?

A

Thoracic aorta

45
Q

What part of the descending aorta is below the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal aorta

46
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery

47
Q

What does the abdominal aorta support?

A

Small and large intestines, adrenal glands, kidneys, gonads

48
Q

What arteries supply the orbits and 80% of the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries

49
Q

where does the thoracic aorta run?

A

downward along the vertebral column before entering the abdominal

50
Q

Once the femoral artery has passed through the adductor hiatus into the popliteal fossa it is called what?

A

Popliteal artery

51
Q

What does the popliteal artery branch into?

A

Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery

52
Q

What artery supplies the lower limbs?

A

External iliac artery

53
Q

All blood from areas below the diaphragm are carried back by the…

A

inferior vena cava

54
Q

All blood from the areas above the diaphragm is carried back by the…

A

superior vena cava

55
Q

Most of the blood from the brain, head, and neck is drained by three veins:

A

internal jugular vein
vertebral vein
external jugular vein

56
Q

which veins connect the deep and superficial veins?

A

perforating veins

57
Q

how long is the ascending aorta?

A

2inches

58
Q

where do most most veins of the brain drain into?

A

the dural venous sinuses, which in turn drain into the internal jugular veins

59
Q

Blood from the abdominal and thoracic wall is drained by two veins:

A

azygos vein and hemiazygos vein

60
Q

The largest factor that promotes re-absorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids

A

blood osmotic pressure

61
Q

the most important capillary exchange method

A

bulk flow

62
Q

3 branches of the abdominal aorta

A

celia trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

which vein drains blood from the radial and ulnar veins, then empties that blood into the axillary vein?

A

the brachial vein

64
Q

why do substances tend to leave the bloodsteam at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

because blood pressure is higher at the arterial end of the capillary

65
Q

common artery to take pulse of

A

radial artery

66
Q

what does the internal iliac artery do?

A

supplies the pelvic structures

67
Q

what does the external iliac arter do?

A

supplies the lower limbs

68
Q

which vein drains the scalp?

A

external jugular vein

69
Q

what does the subclavian vein do?

A

drains the upper extremities

70
Q

major artery of the thigh

A

femoral artery

71
Q

supplies liver, stomach, and spleen

A

celiac trunk

72
Q

arteries that supply the intestines

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

A&P2 (19 decks)

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