Chapter 19 Flashcards
3 layers of Arteries and Veins
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
2 types of Arteries
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries and Arterioles
Another name of elastic arteries
Conducting Arteries
Another name for muscular arteries
Distributing arteries
3 types of Capillaries
Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoidal Capillaries
5 hormones that play a role in short term regulation of blood pressure
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Angiotensin II
Atrial natriurectic peptide (ANP)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
main factors influencing blood pressure
cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume
vital signs
pulse blood
blood pressure
Respiratory rate
body temperature
what does hypertension cause?
heart failure
vascular disease
renal failure
stroke
where are chemoreceptors located?
carotid sinus
aortic arch
large arteries of the neck
structure of elastic or conducting arteries
thick walls and elastic fibers in all 3 layers
structure of muscular or distributing arteries
few elastic fibbers but a thick tunica media with a high percentage of smooth muscle
which type of capillary has tight junctions?
continuous capillaries
which type of capillary allows large molecules and blood cells to pass through?
sinusoidal capillaries
which capillaries contain pores?
fenestrated capillaries
which capillaries are only found the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?
sinosoidal capillaries
where is blood pressure the highest?
in the aorta
the highest pressure found during ventricular systole/contraction
systolic pressure
the lower pressure during the phase of ventricular relaxation/diastole
diastolic pressure
how to find pulse pressure
subtract diastolic pressure from systolic pressure
what is the unit used to measure blood pressure?
mm Hg
the pressure that pushes the blood along through the system
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
blood vessel that distributes blood to organs
arteries
Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstruction?
tunica media
layer of the artery that is composed mainly of elastic and collagen fibers.
tunica externa
When an artery or arteriole is damaged, its smooth muscle contracts producing
a vascular spasm
which type of artery functions as a pressure reservoir?
Elastic arteries
After birth when the umbilical cord is cut what do the umbilical arteries fill with?
Connective tissue
the muscular layer of blood vessels
tunica media
what do venules unite to form?
veins
blood vessels that are able to constrict
arterioles
which vessels serve as a blood reservoir
veins
how is blood pressure written?
systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure
This part of the nervous system is responsible for vasomotor tone
Sympathetic
what do baroreceptor in arteries respond to?
an increase in blood pressure
what is the effect if Angiotensin II?
increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels
ANP
Atrial natriuretic peptide
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
effect of ADH
intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low blood pressure
effect of ANP
causes blood pressure to decline
effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase the cardiac output by increasing heart rate and stroke volume
what performs long term regulation of blood pressure
the kidneys
healthy systolic BP
100-140mm Hg
healthy diastolic BP
70-90mm Hg
a sudden drop in BP when standing or sitting
orthostatic hypotension
how do the kidneys lower blood volume?
by producing urine
the two major factors that aid in the returning bloodflow
the respiratory pump and the muscular pump
how respiratory pump works
every time we breathe in, the pressure inside the thorax decreases which leads to blood being sucked upwards from the abdominal cavity
how muscular pump works
contraction of skeletal muscles pushes blood toward the heart because veins have valves
what effect does Aldosterone have?
increases blood volume by increasing absorption of sodium
what are short-term controls of blood pressure
neural and hormonal controls
the pressure that pushes blood along through the system
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
how to calculate MAP
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
