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A&P2 > chapter 18 > Flashcards

chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

where are cardiac centers in the brain located?

A

medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time

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3
Q

what is a P wave caused by?

A

depolarization of SA node

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4
Q

what causes a T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

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5
Q

what occurs during the first sound of a heart beat?

A

AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole

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6
Q

what occurs during the second sound of a heart beat?

A

SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole

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7
Q

What is End-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after the ejection phase

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8
Q

What are murmurs?

A

abnormal heart sounds

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9
Q

What is end-diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of a filling cycle

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10
Q

Which ECG wave would appear after the 2nd sound?

A

T wave

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11
Q

What is SV or stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

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12
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

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13
Q

what is the cardiac reserve?

A

difference between resting and maximal Cardiac Output

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14
Q

what is preload in relation to heart physiology?

A

the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells during diastole

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15
Q

what do positive inotropic agents do to stroke volume and contractility?

A

they increase both

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16
Q

what is afterload in regards to cardiac physiology?

A

the pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood

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17
Q

Mitral stenosis would have what effect on the preload and stroke volume of the left ventricle?

A

decrease preload and stroke volume

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18
Q

positive chronotropic factors

A

increase heart rate

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19
Q

negative chronotropic factors

A

decrease heart rate

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20
Q

Another word for the Atrial reflex

A

Bainbridge reflex

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21
Q

what is an Atrial reflex?

A

Sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return that increases the heart rate

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22
Q

effect of epinephrine on heart rate?

A

increases it

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23
Q

effect of thyroxine on heart rate?

A

increases heart rate and enhances the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

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24
Q

abnormally fast heart rate

A

Tachycardia

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25
Q

abnormally slow heart rate

A

Bradycardia

26
Q

what is the physiological pacemaker of the heart?

A

the sinoatrial node (SA node)

27
Q

another word for unstable potential

A

pacemaker potential or prepotential

28
Q

what is the sinus rhythm?

A

the rhythm of the contraction of the heart set by the SA node

29
Q

how many action potential (heart beats) dones the SA node produce per minute?

A

90-95

30
Q

how many action potentials does the AV node produce per minute?

A

40-60

31
Q

The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles

A

the atrioventricular bundle or

bundle of His

32
Q

final leg of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

33
Q

irregular heart beat

A

arrhythmia

34
Q

the 2 cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

A

cardioacceletory center

cardioinhibitory center

35
Q

stenosis

A

when a valve does not close properly

36
Q

regurgitation

A

when a valve does not open properly

37
Q

best point to listen for the aortic valve

A

second intercoastal space to the right of the sternum

38
Q

best point to listen for the pulmonary valve

A

second intercoastal space to the left of the sternum

39
Q

best point to listen for the mitral valve

A

fifth intercoastal space to the left of the sternum

40
Q

best point to listen for the tricuspid valve

A

fifth intercoastal space the right of the sternum

41
Q

what is contraction of the heart called?

A

systole

42
Q

what is relaxation of the heart called?

A

diastole

43
Q

factors the reduce contractility of cardiac muscles

A

negative inotropic

44
Q

the phase of the cardiac cycle when all 4 heart valves are closed again and no blood flows into or out of the ventricles

A

isovolumetric relaxation

45
Q

where the bundle of His is located

A

interventricular septum

46
Q

when atrial repolarization occurs as seen on an EKG

A

QRS complex

47
Q

The entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized during this time on an EKG

A

S-T segment

48
Q

directly supplies the papillary muscles with nerve impulses

A

Purkinje fibers.

49
Q

what are the lub-dup heart sounds heard during auscultation of the heart associated with?

A

the heart valves closing

50
Q

what is blood flow during ventricular filling most dependent on?

A

pressure changes

51
Q

stimulation of this nerve reduces heart rate

A

vagus nerve

52
Q

this electrical event causes contraction of the atria

A

p wave

53
Q

3 factors that affect the size of the stroke volume

A

preload
contractility
Afterload

54
Q

what are factors that increase heart rate called?

A

positive chronotropic

55
Q

effect of parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate

A

slows heart rate

56
Q

effect that the sympathetic nervous system has on heart rate

A

positive chronotropic and inotropic

57
Q

what the heart exhibits at rest

A

vagal tone

58
Q

where is the first lub heard

A

at isovolumetric contraction

59
Q

what is isovolumetric contraction?

A

the phase when both the AV and SL valves are both closed

60
Q

the short-lived drop in aortic pressure when SL valves close

A

dicrotic notch

A&P2 (19 decks)

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