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A&P2 > exam 1 review > Flashcards

exam 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

where does apex point?

A

towards the left hip

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2
Q

which layer of the heart wall consumes the most energy?

A

myocardium

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3
Q

what causes the plateau portion of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells?

A

an influx of calcium ions

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4
Q

where does the stimulus for the heart’s rhythmic contractions come from?

A

a pacemaker potential

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5
Q

which structure is responsible for setting the hearts pace?

A

SA node

Sinoatrial node

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6
Q

why is the SA node the pacemaker?

A

it depolarizes the fastest

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7
Q

what would happen if the AV node became the pacemaker?

A

the rhythm would be slower

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8
Q

which heart abnormality has no P waves on an otherwise normal ECG?

A

junctional rhythm

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9
Q

what does input to the heart from the cardioinhibitory center primarily affect?

A

the SA node and AV node

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10
Q

what causes the lub sound?

A

closing of AV valves

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11
Q

what causes the dub sound?

A

closing of Semilunar valves

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12
Q

which blood vessel components is most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure?

A

tunica media

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13
Q

the ability to recognize and bind to a specific antigen

A

Immunocompetence

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14
Q

what contains the majority of the body’s blood volume at any one time?

A

systemic veins and venules

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15
Q

why has pulse pressure disappeared by the time blood reaches the capillary beds?

A

the muscular arterioles do not exhibit elastic rebound

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16
Q

what effect does a long period of skeletal muscle inactivity have on blood flow?

A

it causes blood pooling and slowing of blood flow

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17
Q

the major factor controlling stroke volume during resting periods?

A

venous return to the heart

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18
Q

what do baroreceptors detect changes in?

A

stretch in arterial walls

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19
Q

hormone that will help lower blood pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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20
Q

why is vasodilation prominent in the skin when a person increases physical activity?

A

heat is dissipated across the skin from the blood to help cool the body

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21
Q

primary mechanism driving filtration in capillary beds?

A

hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries

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22
Q

what creates capillary colloid osmotic pressure?

A

nondiffusible plasma proteins

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23
Q

anaphylaxis

A

a severe allergic reaction

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24
Q

where does blood from the digestive organs empty into before going through the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

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25
Q

major vessel delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

which vessel receives blood drainage from the liver and returns it to the heart?

A

inferior vena cava

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27
Q

what portion of the hemoglobin does oxygen bind to?

A

iron atom

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28
Q

what does an elevated neutrophil count indicate?

A

an acute bacterial infection

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29
Q

antihistamine counters the actions of which white blood cells?

A

basophils

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30
Q

the progenitor of platelets

A

megakaryocyte

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31
Q

bleeding disorder caused by any condition that suppresses of destroys the red bone marrow

A

thrombocytopenia

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32
Q

what is a buboe?

A

a swollen lymph node

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33
Q

largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

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34
Q

function of red pulp

A

filter out worn out blood erythrocytes

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35
Q

activated B cells that produce antibodies

A

plasma cells

36
Q

the process of attaching complement proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis

A

opsonization

37
Q

proteins that make it possible for our immune system to differentiate between our cells and those that are foreign

A

MHC

38
Q

what can become antigenic if they attach themselves to larger proteins?

A

haptens

39
Q

cells responsible for tissue graft rejection

A

cytotoxic T cells

40
Q

how are T cells introduced to antigens?

A

antigen-presenting cells link antigenic peptides to MHC proteins to which T cells will attach

41
Q

CD4 cells turn into what?

A

helper T Cells

42
Q

what do CD8 cells turn into

A

cytotoxic T cells

43
Q

where are lymph nodes found

A

inguinal, axillary, cervical

44
Q

what is the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization

45
Q

what is the femoral vein once inside the pelvis?

A

internal iliac

46
Q

what is the organ that regulates red blood cell production?

A

kidneys

47
Q

how are acquired bleeding causes?

A

impaired liver function

48
Q

which cells are lost when someone has AIDS

A

T Helper Cells

49
Q

main factor causing vasoconstriction

A

nitric oxide (NO)

50
Q

where does blood exit the spleen?

A

the hilum

51
Q

how do neutrophils cling to the walls of the capillaries?

A

margination

52
Q

free floating clot

A

embolus

53
Q

what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

54
Q

what cells indicate a rejection of a transplant

A

cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

1st step of homeostasis

A

vascular spasm

56
Q

how are T cells activated?

A

by the antigen presenting cells and co-stimulation

57
Q

what are clone cells?

A

plasma cells, ( B lymphocytes)

58
Q

what is the breakdown of a clot called?

A

fibrinolysis

59
Q

lymphatic organ that increases in size through childhoos

A

thymus

60
Q

what are monocytes in the bloodstream called?

A

macrophages

61
Q

proteins released by virus infected cells?

A

interferons

62
Q

arteries that supply the large and small intestine

A

superior and inferior mesenteric

63
Q

2 main deep veins of the leg

A

anterior and posterior tibial vein

64
Q

what does an increase in the mean arterial pressure causes in brain vessels?

A

contriction

65
Q

blood vessel that is the immediate inferior continuation of the external iliac artery

A

femoral artery

66
Q

The complete circle of connecting vessels in the brain

A

circle of Willis/cerebral arterial circle

67
Q

valve that prevents backflow into the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

68
Q

what do CD4 cells become after activation?

A

T helper Cells

69
Q

harmful or disease causing microogranisms

A

pathogens

70
Q

a lymph organ that stores blood platelets

A

spleen

71
Q

type of immunity directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid

A

Humoral

72
Q

the part of the spleen that is made of reticular fibers that trap old erythrocytes

A

red pulp

73
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty into?

A

left subclavian vein

74
Q

Which cells are the first white blood cells to arrive at a site of tissue damage?

A

neutrophils

75
Q

CD4 cells bind to which MHC proteins?

A

class II

76
Q

which lymphatic organs have blind-ended structures called crypts?

A

tonsils

77
Q

Inflammation is part of which line of defense?

A

second

78
Q

isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

79
Q

Your patient has no blood flow to the right arm and the right side of the head. Which blood vessel do you think is most likely blocked?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

80
Q

Vasodialation is due to which action of vascular smooth muscle?

A

relaxation

81
Q

Define end systolic volume(ESV)

A

the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of the ejection phase

82
Q

What effect do signals from the cardioinhibitory center have on the heart rate?

A

decrease it

83
Q

During which part of the cardiac cycle are both the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open?

A

Ventricular filling

84
Q

What effect does thyroxine have on the heart rate?

A

Leads to an increaseof the heart rate

85
Q

Which heart valve has three flaps (cusps) and prevents backflow into the left ventricle?

A

Aortic valve

86
Q

what chamber does the anterior surface of the heart consist mostly of?

A

rights ventricle

A&P2 (19 decks)

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