Final Exam Flashcards
total body water content of infants
75%
total body water content of adults
55%
average Percent body water content in elderly
45%
what does an increase in the ECF solute content cause water to do?
move out of the cell
The hallmark symptom of hypotonic hydration
hyponatremia
Which electrolyte is never secreted into the filtrate?
Sodium
where is milk stored?
lactiferous sinus
the outer capsule that surrounds the ovulated oocyte
corona radiata
chronological order of a growing fertilized egg
Zygote, morula, blastocyst
types of granulocytes
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
The protein backbone of a blood clot
fibrin
Which enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
These structures prevent prolapse of the atrioventricular valves
Chordae tendineae
Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium through the:
coronary sinus
The process in which antibodies coat foreign proteins
opsonization
The ability of antibodies to block specific sites on pathogens so that they cannot bind to cell receptors
neutralization
This cell is responsible for tissue graft rejection.
Cytotoxic T cell
The cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
lymphocytes
The cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
lymphocytes
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
Micelles are formed during the absorption of which nutrient?
Fatty acids
what layer of the glomerular capsule is part of the filtration membran?
the visceral layer
When glucose spills over into the urine it has:
exceeded its transport maximum
The main intracellular electrolyte
potassium
The area of the brain that plays a major role in water and electrolyte balance
hypothalamus
The driving force of water intake is
thirst.
Which solute plays the biggest role in water reabsorption?
Sodium ions
Aldosterone targets which part of the nephron?
Distal convoluted tubule
The only electrolyte that exerts significant osmotic pressure
sodium ion.
Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate mainly by the:
proximal convoluted tubule.
The most important urine buffer
phosphate
Which ion is reabsorbed when hydrogen ions are secreted?
Sodium
what does parathormone enhance the reabsorption of ?
calcium ions
which condition can Hypoproteinemia lead to?
edema.
Amphoteric molecules are molecules that can:
act as either an acid or a base
Hyperventilation leads to:
. respiratory alkalosis.
Which portion of the penis contains the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
Where in the body are sperm stored?
Epididymis
which hormones do spermatogenesis require?
LH
FSH
testosterone
Where are fimbriae found?
Uterine tubes
what anchors the uterus to the anterior body wall?
round ligament
Immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the
corpus luteum
during what part of the cardiac cycle is the tricuspid valve open?
ventricular filling
where can u hear the tricuspid valve?
fifth intercoastal space the right of the sternum
best point to listen for the mitral valve
fifth intercoastal space to the left of the sternum
best point to listen for the pulmonary valve
second intercoastal space to the left of the sternum
best point to listen for the aortic valve
second intercoastal space to the right of the sternum
term for a valve when it doesn’t open properly
stenosis
what does aldosterone stimulate reabsorption of?
sodium
what does aldosterone stimulate secretion of?
potassium
when does ADH secretion increase?
when plasma osmolality is low
what stimulates the release of aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
what do macula densa cells cause when NaCl concentration in the filtrate is high?
constriction of the afferent arteroile and a reduction in GFR
What range of MAP allows renal autoregulation to maintain a nearly constant GFR
80-180
days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle
the menstrual phase
cells that secrete testosterone
leydig cells
secretions of which gland serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
bulbourethral gland
what does ANP promote?
sodium excretion
Where are fimbriae found?
Uterine tubes
When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest?
During the secretory phase
Cryptorchidism is a condition where
testes fail to descend
normal pH of urine
4.5-8
where are Nutrients in the filtrate reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
The pocket-like sacs of the large intestine
haustra
This substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralize chyme.
Bicarbonate
Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by this accessory organ
Pancreas
The first antibody class to be released into the bloodstream during an immune response
IgM
The unresponsiveness of our lymphocytes to our own body cells
self-tolerance
The lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens
thymus
Isolated areas of lymphoid follicles found in the intestinal mucosa
Peyer’s patches
what hormone increases during the follicular phase?
FSH
where is fat digested?
small intestine
during which ovarian phase is there a decrease in FSH and LH?
the luteal phase
what stimulates that pancreas to release bicarbonate?
secretin
what is tidal volume
regular breathing amount
at what temp is sperm produced?
92.6
how to find pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
which cells form the blood testis barrier
sertoli cells
found in tears and sweat
IgA
where does inhibin target?
the anterior pituitary gland
days of the menstrual cycle when the proliferate phase occurs
6-14
another name for the secretory phase
postovulatory
phase of the menstrual cycle when the glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
proliferate phase
another name for the proliferate phase of the menstrual cycle
preovulatory
phase of the ovarian cycle when granulosa cells and internal thecal cells form corpus luteum
ovulation
phase of the ovarian cycle when the primary follicle is activated
follicular
