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A&P2 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

major nutrients

A

Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins

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2
Q

minor nutrients

A

Vitamins, Minerals and water

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3
Q

what happens to excess glucose?

A

it is converted to glycogen or fat and stored

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4
Q

what do soluble fibers do?

A

reduces blood cholesterol levels

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5
Q

what do insoluble fibers do ?

A

provide roughage

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6
Q

what are triglycerides also known as?

A

neutral fats

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7
Q

what are triglycerides used for?

A

mostly energy storage, but also form protective cushion around organs and insulating layer

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8
Q

Glucose is catabolized in three pathways

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

what is Carbohydrate Metabolism ?

A

Breakdown of glucose

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10
Q

how many calories are yielded from each gram of carbs?

A

4

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11
Q

what is Lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides

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12
Q

how many calories are yielded from each gram of lipids?

A

9

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13
Q

The hormone regulating almost all processes of the absorptive state

A

insulin

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14
Q

Major actions of Insulin

A
  • Enhances diffusion of glucose into muscles and adipose cells
  • Glucose oxidation
  • Glycogen and triglyceride formation
  • Active transport of amino acids into tissue cells
  • Protein synthesis
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15
Q

what does excess conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin levels in tissues lead to?

A

jaundice

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16
Q

what does cholesterol provide a structural basis for?

A

bile salts
steroid hormones
vitamin D

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17
Q

why is it that cholesterol and other lipids cannot be transported in free form in blood?

A

because they are not water-soluable

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18
Q

what do high levels of HDLs do?

A

protect against heart attack

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19
Q

what do high levels of LDLs do?

A

increase the risk of heart attack

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20
Q

what are nutrients?

A

substances that promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

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21
Q

the two dietary sources of carbohydrates

A
  • Starch (complex carbohydrates)

- Sugars

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22
Q

two types of fibers that carbohydrates form

A

insoluble fibers

soluble fibers

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23
Q

the most important carbohydrate

A

glucose

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24
Q

why is glucose the most important carbohydrate?

A

to is the fuel used by cells to make ATP

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25
Q

what is the recommended intake of carbohydrates?

A

45-65% of total calorie intake

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26
Q

which cells rely almost entirely upon glucose?

A

Neurons and RBCs

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27
Q

in which foods can saturated fats be found?

A

meat, dairy foods, and tropical oils

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28
Q

in which foods can unsaturated fats be found?

A

in fats in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils

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29
Q

the 2 essential fatty acids

A

linoleic and linolenic acid

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30
Q

in which foods can cholesterol be found?

A

egg yolk, meats, shellfish and milk products

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31
Q

what are the dietary sources for the essential fatty acids?

A

Found in most vegetable oils

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32
Q

what do bile salts combine with to form Micelles?

A

the essential fatty acids (name them)

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33
Q

which type of lipid forms Essential parts of myelin sheaths and cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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34
Q

what are prostaglandins used for?

A

for smooth muscle contractions, blood pressure control & inflammation

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35
Q

what is the recommended intake of lipids?

A

Lipids should make up 30% or less of total calorie intake per day
Saturated fats > limited to 10%
Cholesterol > no more than 300 mg

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36
Q

which type of carbohydrate fiber reduces blood cholesterol levels?

A

soluble fiber

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37
Q

which type of carbohydrate fiber provides roughage?

A

insoluble fibers

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38
Q

what are neutral fats also known as?

A

triglycerides

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39
Q

which type of lipid is mostly energy storage, but also form protective cushion around organs and insulating layer

A

triglycerides

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40
Q

term for the Breakdown of triglycerides

A

Lipolysis

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41
Q

what causes jaundice?

A

excess conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin levels in tissues

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42
Q

lipoprotein that protects against heart attack

A

HDLs

43
Q

lipoprotein that increases the risk of heart attack

A

LDLs

44
Q

substances that promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

A

nutrients

45
Q

**which foods contain complete proteins?

A

eggs, milk, fish, and most meats

46
Q

which amino acids must be present in order for protein synthesis to occur?

A

all of them (all or none rule)

47
Q

which foods contain incomplete proteins?

A

legumes, nuts, and cereals

48
Q

function of proteins

A

use as structural materials and play important roles a functional proteins

49
Q

what can be used as fuel to generate ATP if the body is lacking carbs and fats in the diet?

A

proteins

50
Q

what is the daily requirement for protein intake?

A

.8g per kg body wight or one egg a day

51
Q

only vitamins that can be synthesized by the body

A

Vitamin D,B, and K

52
Q

what do most vitamins function as?

A

coenzymes

53
Q

the 2 divisions of vitamins

A

water-soluble and fat soluble

54
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C (not stored in the body)

55
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D, E and K (stored in the body with exception of vit K)

56
Q

what are minerals?

A

Inorganic Substances that are required in moderate or trace amounts amounts

57
Q

minerals required in moderate amounts

A

(Ca+, phosphorus, K+, Sulfur, Na+, Mg, and Fe in women)

58
Q

minerals required in trace amounts

A

iodine and fluorine

59
Q

the 2 types of metabolic reactions

A

anabolic

catabolic

60
Q

what happens during anabolic reactions?

A

Larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones

61
Q

what happens during catabolic reactions?

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

62
Q

the type of metabolic reaction that requires energy

A

anabolic

63
Q

type of metabolic reaction that releases energy

A

catabolic

64
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The biochemical reactions inside cells involving nutrients

65
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

This is a series of catabolic reactions that release energy

66
Q

what is oxidation?

A

the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen

67
Q

the 2 mechanisms for ATP production in cells

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation

68
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP

69
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

A Chemiosmotic process that Couples the movement of substances across a membrane to a chemical reaction

70
Q

what is the krebs cycle also known as

A

citric acid cycle

71
Q

what happens when dietary protein is in excess?

A

animo acids are oxidized for energy or Converted to fat for storage

72
Q

the period during and shortly after eating

A

Absorptive (Fed) State

73
Q

what processes happen during the Absorptive (Fed) State?

A

Absorption of nutrients is occurring and anabolism exceeds catabolism

74
Q

what is the major energy fuel during the Absorptive (Fed) State?

A

Glucose

75
Q

what releases insulin?

A

the beta cells of the endocrine part of the pancreas

76
Q

what happens during the Postabsorptive (Fasting) State?

A

During this state the GI tract is empty and energy is supplied by breakdown of reserves
- Catabolism exceeds anabolism

77
Q

what releases glucagon?

A

the alpha cells of the endocrine part of the pancreas

78
Q

functions of glucagon

A
  • Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
  • Lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • Modulation of glucose effects after a high protein low carb meal
79
Q

function of epinephrine in the Catabolic-Anabolic Steady State

A

Promotes fat mobilization and Glycogenolysis

80
Q

what is epinephrine released in response to?

A

low plasma glucose

81
Q

4 types of lipoproteins

A

HDLs
LDLs
VLDLs
Chylomicrons

82
Q

lipoprotein with the highest protein content

A

HDLs

83
Q

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

LDLs

84
Q

lipoprotein with highest cholesterol content

A

LDLs

85
Q

lipoprotein that contains mostly triglycerides

A

VLDLs

86
Q

lipoprotein that transports excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

HDLs

87
Q

lipoprotein that transports lipids from the intestinal tract to the liver

A

Chylomicrons

88
Q

percent of essential fat for women

A

12%

89
Q

percent of essential fat for men

A

3%

90
Q

term for the process of triglyceride synthesis

A

lipogenesis

91
Q

hormone that stimulates glycogenesis

A

insulin

92
Q

what hormone stimulates glycogenolysis?

A

epinephrine

93
Q

what transports dietary lipids?

A

chylomicrons

94
Q

when would lipogenesis occur?

A

when more calories are consumed than required for ATP needs

95
Q

what do liver cells convert ammonia into?

A

urea

96
Q

the pathway of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
ETC
oxidative phosphorylation

97
Q

underweight BMI

A

<18.5

98
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

99
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

100
Q

Obesity BMI

A

> 30

101
Q

the most abundant dietary lipid

A

triglycerides

102
Q

the end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid

103
Q

what must happen for amino acids to be oxidized for energy?

A

the amine group NH2 must be removed

A&P2 (19 decks)

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