Chapter 22 Flashcards
What are lacteals?
SPECIALIZED LYMPH CAPILLARIES THAT DRAIN THE FLUID FROM THE TISSUES
where do all the capillaries empty into?
Collecting duct
Where does the thoracic duct empty into?
left subclavian vein
direction that lymph travels in
from the tissues toward the heart
where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?
Right subclavian vein
5 types of Lymphoid cells
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells Reticular cells
lymph organs
Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils Thymus Red bone marrow
2 types of lymphoid tissues
Diffuse lymphatic tissues
Lymphatic follicles
where does lymphocyte proliferation happen?
in lymphoid tissues
function of the afferent vessles
Bring fluid to the lymph nodes
what is white pulp made of
lymphocytes on reticular fibers
site of lymphocyte maturation
Thymus
Simplest lymphoid organ
Tonsils
location of palatine tonsils
Posterior end of oral cavity
location of lingual tonsils
At base of tongue
location of Pharyngeal tonsils
Found in posterior wall of nasopharynx
location of tubal tonsils
Surround the openings of auditory tubes into the pharynx
location of Peyer’s patches
In the wall of small intestine
location of appendix
large intestine
what is immunity
resistance to disease
2 branches of immune system
innate
adaptive
2 types of phagocytes
neutrophils
macrophages
What is phagocytosis?
Process of actively taking in external matter into the cells and its destruction using enzymes stored in lysosomes
5 steps of phagocytosis
- Adherence of a phagocyte to a pathogen
- Endocytosis
- Lysosomes fuses with phagocytic vesicle > phagolysosome
- Lysosomal enzymes digest the particle
- Exocytosis
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
THE TWO MAJOR ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS
infererons
complement
what temperature is considered a high fever
about 105 degrees
2 branches of adaptive defense
humoral (b lymphocytes)
cellular ( T Lymphocytes)
where do B lymphocytes mature?
in red bone marrow
where do T lymphocytes mature?
in the thymus
1st antibody released
IgM
types of organ transplants
Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft
the main cells of the adaptive immune system
B and T lymphocytes
function of macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
function of dendritic cells
capture antigns and deliver to lymph nodes
function of reticular cells
produce connective tissue for cells in lymphoid organs
function of lymphoid tissues
to house lymphoid cells and provide a proliferation point for lymphocytes
3 parts of the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph
2 main functions of the lymphatic system
- RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS AND PROTEINS BACK INTO CIRCULATION
- PROVIDE THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
tiniest lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
where are lymph capillaries not found?
BONES, TEETH, BONE MARROW AND CNS
structure of lymphatic follicles
Solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
describe Diffuse lymphatic tissues
Scattered reticular tissue elements throughout all organs
structure of lymph nodes
Bean-shaped with external fibrous capsule and trabeculae
the 2 regions of a lymph node
cortex and medulla
“backbone of the immune system”
Marcophages
function of the lymph nodes
to filter lymph
Largest lymphoid organ of the body
Spleen
functions of the spleen
Proliferation of lymphocytes
Immune surveillance
Removes aged erythrocytes and platelets from the blood
Stores iron, other erythrocytes and platelets
Blood formation during fetal development
what do all tonsils contain?
Follicles
Germinal centers
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
4 steps of phagocytic activation
Leukocytosis
margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis
what is diapedesis?
the movement of cells through capillary walls
the 5 classes of antibodies
IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE
class of antibody that causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine
IgE
Class of antibodies that makes up 75-85% of antibodies
IgG
antibody that functions as a B cell receptor
IgD
Antibody with pentamer presentation
IgM
antibody Secreted into mucus, sweat, and body fluids
IgA
Antibody that stops pathogens before they can cross the first line of defense
IgA
antibody that can cross the placental barrier
IgG
antibody secreted in last stages of primary and throughout secondary response
IgG
what does MABs stand for?
Monoclonal antibodies
what do T cells provide defense against?
intracellular antigens
the 2 major types of T cells
Helper T cells (TH) > CD4
Cytotoxic T cells (TC) > CD8
2 steps of T cell activation
Antigen binding
Costimulation
what do Cytotoxic T cells target?
Virus infected cells
Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
Cancer cells
Foreign bodies (transfusions or transplants)
Autograft
transplant from one body sit to another of the same person
Isograft
Transplant transferred between identical twins
Allograft
Transplant transferred between people who are not identical twins
Xenograft
Transplant transferred from another animal species
what does AID stand for?
(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
the ability to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
Immunocompetence
what properties do foreign proteins and polysaccharides have that make them “Complete antigens” ?
immunogenicity
reactivity
immunogenicity
the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
reactivity
the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released
B cells that do not form plasma cells become what?
memory cells
compression of which vessel could cause unconsciousness?
carotid artery
2 types of active humoral immunity
naturally acquired immunity
artificially acquired immunity
what are macrophages derived from?
monocytes
5 elements of the second line of defense
phagocytes natural killer cells inflammation antimicrobial proteins fever
lymphoid follicles in the small intestine
peyers patches
what produces antibodies?
plasma cells (b lymphocytes)
What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE
what is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid
location
what do complement proteins promote?
cytolysis
phagocytosis
inflammation
what are haptens?
incomplete antigens
