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A&P2 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lacteals?

A

SPECIALIZED LYMPH CAPILLARIES THAT DRAIN THE FLUID FROM THE TISSUES

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2
Q

where do all the capillaries empty into?

A

Collecting duct

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3
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty into?

A

left subclavian vein

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4
Q

direction that lymph travels in

A

from the tissues toward the heart

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5
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?

A

Right subclavian vein

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6
Q

5 types of Lymphoid cells

A 
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophages 
Dendritic cells 
Reticular cells
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7
Q

lymph organs

A 
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus 
Red bone marrow
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8
Q

2 types of lymphoid tissues

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissues

Lymphatic follicles

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9
Q

where does lymphocyte proliferation happen?

A

in lymphoid tissues

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10
Q

function of the afferent vessles

A

Bring fluid to the lymph nodes

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11
Q

what is white pulp made of

A

lymphocytes on reticular fibers

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12
Q

site of lymphocyte maturation

A

Thymus

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13
Q

Simplest lymphoid organ

A

Tonsils

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14
Q

location of palatine tonsils

A

Posterior end of oral cavity

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15
Q

location of lingual tonsils

A

At base of tongue

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16
Q

location of Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Found in posterior wall of nasopharynx

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17
Q

location of tubal tonsils

A

Surround the openings of auditory tubes into the pharynx

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18
Q

location of Peyer’s patches

A

In the wall of small intestine

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19
Q

location of appendix

A

large intestine

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20
Q

what is immunity

A

resistance to disease

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21
Q

2 branches of immune system

A

innate

adaptive

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22
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils

macrophages

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23
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process of actively taking in external matter into the cells and its destruction using enzymes stored in lysosomes

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24
Q

5 steps of phagocytosis

A
  • Adherence of a phagocyte to a pathogen
  • Endocytosis
  • Lysosomes fuses with phagocytic vesicle > phagolysosome
  • Lysosomal enzymes digest the particle
  • Exocytosis
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25
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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26
Q

THE TWO MAJOR ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS

A

infererons

complement

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27
Q

what temperature is considered a high fever

A

about 105 degrees

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28
Q

2 branches of adaptive defense

A

humoral (b lymphocytes)

cellular ( T Lymphocytes)

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29
Q

where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

in red bone marrow

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30
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

in the thymus

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31
Q

1st antibody released

A

IgM

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32
Q

types of organ transplants

A

Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft

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33
Q

the main cells of the adaptive immune system

A

B and T lymphocytes

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34
Q

function of macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

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35
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

capture antigns and deliver to lymph nodes

36
Q

function of reticular cells

A

produce connective tissue for cells in lymphoid organs

37
Q

function of lymphoid tissues

A

to house lymphoid cells and provide a proliferation point for lymphocytes

38
Q

3 parts of the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph

39
Q

2 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS AND PROTEINS BACK INTO CIRCULATION
  • PROVIDE THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
40
Q

tiniest lymph vessels

A

lymph capillaries

41
Q

where are lymph capillaries not found?

A

BONES, TEETH, BONE MARROW AND CNS

42
Q

structure of lymphatic follicles

A

Solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells

43
Q

describe Diffuse lymphatic tissues

A

Scattered reticular tissue elements throughout all organs

44
Q

structure of lymph nodes

A

Bean-shaped with external fibrous capsule and trabeculae

45
Q

the 2 regions of a lymph node

A

cortex and medulla

46
Q

“backbone of the immune system”

A

Marcophages

47
Q

function of the lymph nodes

A

to filter lymph

48
Q

Largest lymphoid organ of the body

A

Spleen

49
Q

functions of the spleen

A

Proliferation of lymphocytes
Immune surveillance
Removes aged erythrocytes and platelets from the blood
Stores iron, other erythrocytes and platelets
Blood formation during fetal development

50
Q

what do all tonsils contain?

A

Follicles

Germinal centers

51
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

52
Q

4 steps of phagocytic activation

A

Leukocytosis
margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis

53
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

the movement of cells through capillary walls

54
Q

the 5 classes of antibodies

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
55
Q

class of antibody that causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

A

IgE

56
Q

Class of antibodies that makes up 75-85% of antibodies

A

IgG

57
Q

antibody that functions as a B cell receptor

A

IgD

58
Q

Antibody with pentamer presentation

A

IgM

59
Q

antibody Secreted into mucus, sweat, and body fluids

A

IgA

60
Q

Antibody that stops pathogens before they can cross the first line of defense

A

IgA

61
Q

antibody that can cross the placental barrier

A

IgG

62
Q

antibody secreted in last stages of primary and throughout secondary response

A

IgG

63
Q

what does MABs stand for?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

64
Q

what do T cells provide defense against?

A

intracellular antigens

65
Q

the 2 major types of T cells

A

Helper T cells (TH) > CD4

Cytotoxic T cells (TC) > CD8

66
Q

2 steps of T cell activation

A

Antigen binding

Costimulation

67
Q

what do Cytotoxic T cells target?

A

Virus infected cells
Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
Cancer cells
Foreign bodies (transfusions or transplants)

68
Q

Autograft

A

transplant from one body sit to another of the same person

69
Q

Isograft

A

Transplant transferred between identical twins

70
Q

Allograft

A

Transplant transferred between people who are not identical twins

71
Q

Xenograft

A

Transplant transferred from another animal species

72
Q

what does AID stand for?

A

(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

73
Q

the ability to recognize and bind to a specific antigen

A

Immunocompetence

74
Q

what properties do foreign proteins and polysaccharides have that make them “Complete antigens” ?

A

immunogenicity

reactivity

75
Q

immunogenicity

A

the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies

76
Q

reactivity

A

the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released

77
Q

B cells that do not form plasma cells become what?

A

memory cells

78
Q

compression of which vessel could cause unconsciousness?

A

carotid artery

79
Q

2 types of active humoral immunity

A

naturally acquired immunity

artificially acquired immunity

80
Q

what are macrophages derived from?

A

monocytes

81
Q

5 elements of the second line of defense

A 
phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammation
antimicrobial proteins
fever
82
Q

lymphoid follicles in the small intestine

A

peyers patches

83
Q

what produces antibodies?

A

plasma cells (b lymphocytes)

84
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE

85
Q

what is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid

A

location

86
Q

what do complement proteins promote?

A

cytolysis
phagocytosis
inflammation

87
Q

what are haptens?

A

incomplete antigens

A&P2 (19 decks)

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