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A&P2 > chapter 21 > Flashcards

chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

percent of blood made up by plasma

A

55%

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2
Q

what is the liquid part of the blood?

A

plasma

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3
Q

what makes up 90% of plasma?

A

water

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4
Q

the most numerous cells of the blood

A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

the common stem cell that all blood elements are formed from

A

hemocytoblast

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6
Q

an immature blood cell

A

reticulocyte

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7
Q

main function of the erythrocyte

A

transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue

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8
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

100-120

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9
Q

what is Anemia?

A

abnormally low hemogloblin content

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10
Q

what causes Aplastic Anemia?

A

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

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11
Q

what is Hemorrhagic Anemia caused by?

A

Acute or chronic blood loss

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12
Q

what is Pernicious Anemia?

A

a Deficiency in B12

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13
Q

what group of people is Thalassemia common with?

A

people with Mediterranean heritage

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14
Q

leukocytes make up how much of the total blood volume?

A

<1%

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15
Q

most numerous type of white blood cell

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

term for white blood cell formation

A

Leukopoiesis

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17
Q

what is the job of eosinophils?

A

to attack and digest parasitic worms that are too large to be destroyed by phagocytes

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18
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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19
Q

structure of eosinophil nuclei

A

bilobed nuclei

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20
Q

the rares WBCs

A

basophils

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21
Q

2 types of Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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22
Q

the largest leukocytes

A

Monocytes

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23
Q

what are monocytes effective against?

A

Viruses
Intracellular bacteria
Chronic infections

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24
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low white blood cell count

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25
leukemia
Uncontrolled leukocyte formation
26
the two divisions of Leukemia
Myelocytic Leukemias | Lymphocytic Leukemias
27
what does uncontrolled leukocyte formation lead to?
a high number of immature non-functinoal WBC's
28
another word for platelets
thrombocytes
29
steps of Hemostasis
vascular spasm Formation of platelet plug Coagulation
30
2 factors in repair
Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) | Vascular-endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
31
what digests the fibrin and dissolves the clot
Plasmin
32
what is hemophilia?
Lack of clotting factor that is hereditary
33
What is hematocrit?
the percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes
34
normal hematocrit value?
45%
35
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
36
what is the buffy coat of blood made of?
white blood cells and blood platelets
37
blood plasma proteins
albumins globulins other solutes
38
most abundant plasma proteins
albumins | makes up 60% of plasma proteins
39
function of albumins
maintain the colloid osmotic pressure
40
what is hematopoiesis?
the formation of blood cells
41
blood functions
- Distribution of respiratory gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products - Hormone transport - Regulates body temperature - Regulates body pH - Regulates total blood volume - Protection against infections
42
what are platelets made of
cell fragments
43
the only complete cells of the blood cells
leukocytes
44
where are most plasma proteins produced?
in the liver
45
what are globulins?
these are functional proteins such as enzymes or antibodies
46
what percent of plasma proteins are globulins?
40%
47
structure of erythrocytes
biconcave discs
48
what protein causes the red color in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
49
what organelles do erythrocytes lack?
nucleus and mitochondria
50
where does hematopoiesis occur?
in red bone marrow
51
how many molecules of oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin transport?
4
52
what color is oxygenated blood?
bright red
53
what color is deoxygenated blood?
dark red blood
54
Hypoxia
Lack of RBC leading to oxygen deficiency in tissues
55
what do receptors in the kidneys and liver do in response to hypoxia?
they secrete erythropoietin, which stimulated the red bone marrow to produce and increases the maturation of RBC progenitors
56
where do macrophages engulf dying RBCs?
in the spleen
57
the heme of destroyed red blood cells is used for what?
bilirubin, which is secreted with bile into the small intestine
58
symptoms of anemia
Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
59
description of Hemolytic Anemia
RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced
60
description of iron-deficiency anemia
caused by lack of iron in diet, chronic blood loss, or impaired iron absorption
61
what is Thalassemia?
Absent or faulty globin chain
62
what will Thalassemia cause?
Erythrocyte being thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
63
how can leukocytes leave the blood stream?
via diapedesis
64
what is leukocytosis?
when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection
65
structure of lymphocytes
agranular and its nucleus takes up moves of the cytoplasm
66
what is vascular spasm?
Vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel
67
what does the formation of a platelet plug during homeostasis do?
temporarily plugs any damage to the vessel wall
68
what is coagulation?
Set of reactions that lead to the formation of an insoluble fibrin and gel-like blood clot
69
the normal average temperature of blood
100.4 degrees F
70
the normal pH range for blood
7.35-7.45
71
which plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?
fibrinogen
72
how many liters of blood does the average female have?
4-5
73
how many liters of blood does the average male have?
5-6
74
how much of our body weight is blood?
8%
75
what are the solutes in plasma
the proteins and hormones
76
average hemoglobin levels in males
13-18g/dl
77
average hemoglobin levels in females
12-16g/dl
78
what is responsible for the binding of oxygen to an erythrocytes?
iron
79
what is released by platelets to bring vasocontriction?
serotonin
80
what is an embolus?
a free floating clot
81
what is an embolism?
when a clot moves
82
what is a thrombus?
a clot formed within the vascular system
83
term for the breakdown of a blood clot
fibrolysis
84
which is faster, the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?
extrinsic pathway
85
what triggers the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor
86
Lack of clotting factor
hemophilia
87
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Aplastic Anemia
88
Anemia caused by Acute or chronic blood loss
Hemorrhagic Anemia
89
a Deficiency in B12
Pernicious Anemia
90
anemia when RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced
Hemolytic Anemia
91
Absent or faulty globin chain
Thalassemia
92
when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection
leukocytosis
93
cells known as bacteria slayers
neutrophils
94
cells that are known as modulators of the immune system
eosinophils
95
what chemical do basophils contain?
histamine

A&P2 (19 decks)

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