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A&P2 > chapter 21 > Flashcards

chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

percent of blood made up by plasma

A

55%

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2
Q

what is the liquid part of the blood?

A

plasma

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3
Q

what makes up 90% of plasma?

A

water

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4
Q

the most numerous cells of the blood

A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

the common stem cell that all blood elements are formed from

A

hemocytoblast

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6
Q

an immature blood cell

A

reticulocyte

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7
Q

main function of the erythrocyte

A

transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue

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8
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

100-120

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9
Q

what is Anemia?

A

abnormally low hemogloblin content

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10
Q

what causes Aplastic Anemia?

A

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

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11
Q

what is Hemorrhagic Anemia caused by?

A

Acute or chronic blood loss

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12
Q

what is Pernicious Anemia?

A

a Deficiency in B12

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13
Q

what group of people is Thalassemia common with?

A

people with Mediterranean heritage

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14
Q

leukocytes make up how much of the total blood volume?

A

<1%

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15
Q

most numerous type of white blood cell

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

term for white blood cell formation

A

Leukopoiesis

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17
Q

what is the job of eosinophils?

A

to attack and digest parasitic worms that are too large to be destroyed by phagocytes

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18
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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19
Q

structure of eosinophil nuclei

A

bilobed nuclei

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20
Q

the rares WBCs

A

basophils

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21
Q

2 types of Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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22
Q

the largest leukocytes

A

Monocytes

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23
Q

what are monocytes effective against?

A

Viruses
Intracellular bacteria
Chronic infections

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24
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low white blood cell count

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25
Q

leukemia

A

Uncontrolled leukocyte formation

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26
Q

the two divisions of Leukemia

A

Myelocytic Leukemias

Lymphocytic Leukemias

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27
Q

what does uncontrolled leukocyte formation lead to?

A

a high number of immature non-functinoal WBC’s

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28
Q

another word for platelets

A

thrombocytes

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29
Q

steps of Hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
Formation of platelet plug
Coagulation

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30
Q

2 factors in repair

A

Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

Vascular-endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

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31
Q

what digests the fibrin and dissolves the clot

A

Plasmin

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32
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

Lack of clotting factor that is hereditary

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33
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes

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34
Q

normal hematocrit value?

A

45%

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35
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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36
Q

what is the buffy coat of blood made of?

A

white blood cells and blood platelets

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37
Q

blood plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
other solutes

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38
Q

most abundant plasma proteins

A

albumins

makes up 60% of plasma proteins

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39
Q

function of albumins

A

maintain the colloid osmotic pressure

40
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the formation of blood cells

41
Q

blood functions

A
  • Distribution of respiratory gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products
  • Hormone transport
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Regulates body pH
  • Regulates total blood volume
  • Protection against infections
42
Q

what are platelets made of

A

cell fragments

43
Q

the only complete cells of the blood cells

A

leukocytes

44
Q

where are most plasma proteins produced?

A

in the liver

45
Q

what are globulins?

A

these are functional proteins such as enzymes or antibodies

46
Q

what percent of plasma proteins are globulins?

A

40%

47
Q

structure of erythrocytes

A

biconcave discs

48
Q

what protein causes the red color in erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

49
Q

what organelles do erythrocytes lack?

A

nucleus and mitochondria

50
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

in red bone marrow

51
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin transport?

A

4

52
Q

what color is oxygenated blood?

A

bright red

53
Q

what color is deoxygenated blood?

A

dark red blood

54
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of RBC leading to oxygen deficiency in tissues

55
Q

what do receptors in the kidneys and liver do in response to hypoxia?

A

they secrete erythropoietin, which stimulated the red bone marrow to produce and increases the maturation of RBC progenitors

56
Q

where do macrophages engulf dying RBCs?

A

in the spleen

57
Q

the heme of destroyed red blood cells is used for what?

A

bilirubin, which is secreted with bile into the small intestine

58
Q

symptoms of anemia

A

Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills

59
Q

description of Hemolytic Anemia

A

RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced

60
Q

description of iron-deficiency anemia

A

caused by lack of iron in diet, chronic blood loss, or impaired iron absorption

61
Q

what is Thalassemia?

A

Absent or faulty globin chain

62
Q

what will Thalassemia cause?

A

Erythrocyte being thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

63
Q

how can leukocytes leave the blood stream?

A

via diapedesis

64
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection

65
Q

structure of lymphocytes

A

agranular and its nucleus takes up moves of the cytoplasm

66
Q

what is vascular spasm?

A

Vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel

67
Q

what does the formation of a platelet plug during homeostasis do?

A

temporarily plugs any damage to the vessel wall

68
Q

what is coagulation?

A

Set of reactions that lead to the formation of an insoluble fibrin and gel-like blood clot

69
Q

the normal average temperature of blood

A

100.4 degrees F

70
Q

the normal pH range for blood

A

7.35-7.45

71
Q

which plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?

A

fibrinogen

72
Q

how many liters of blood does the average female have?

A

4-5

73
Q

how many liters of blood does the average male have?

A

5-6

74
Q

how much of our body weight is blood?

A

8%

75
Q

what are the solutes in plasma

A

the proteins and hormones

76
Q

average hemoglobin levels in males

A

13-18g/dl

77
Q

average hemoglobin levels in females

A

12-16g/dl

78
Q

what is responsible for the binding of oxygen to an erythrocytes?

A

iron

79
Q

what is released by platelets to bring vasocontriction?

A

serotonin

80
Q

what is an embolus?

A

a free floating clot

81
Q

what is an embolism?

A

when a clot moves

82
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

a clot formed within the vascular system

83
Q

term for the breakdown of a blood clot

A

fibrolysis

84
Q

which is faster, the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?

A

extrinsic pathway

85
Q

what triggers the extrinsic pathway

A

tissue factor

86
Q

Lack of clotting factor

A

hemophilia

87
Q

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

A

Aplastic Anemia

88
Q

Anemia caused by Acute or chronic blood loss

A

Hemorrhagic Anemia

89
Q

a Deficiency in B12

A

Pernicious Anemia

90
Q

anemia when RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced

A

Hemolytic Anemia

91
Q

Absent or faulty globin chain

A

Thalassemia

92
Q

when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection

A

leukocytosis

93
Q

cells known as bacteria slayers

A

neutrophils

94
Q

cells that are known as modulators of the immune system

A

eosinophils

95
Q

what chemical do basophils contain?

A

histamine

A&P2 (19 decks)

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