chapter 21 Flashcards
percent of blood made up by plasma
55%
what is the liquid part of the blood?
plasma
what makes up 90% of plasma?
water
the most numerous cells of the blood
erythrocytes
the common stem cell that all blood elements are formed from
hemocytoblast
an immature blood cell
reticulocyte
main function of the erythrocyte
transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue
life span of erythrocytes
100-120
what is Anemia?
abnormally low hemogloblin content
what causes Aplastic Anemia?
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
what is Hemorrhagic Anemia caused by?
Acute or chronic blood loss
what is Pernicious Anemia?
a Deficiency in B12
what group of people is Thalassemia common with?
people with Mediterranean heritage
leukocytes make up how much of the total blood volume?
<1%
most numerous type of white blood cell
neutrophils
term for white blood cell formation
Leukopoiesis
what is the job of eosinophils?
to attack and digest parasitic worms that are too large to be destroyed by phagocytes
3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
structure of eosinophil nuclei
bilobed nuclei
the rares WBCs
basophils
2 types of Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
the largest leukocytes
Monocytes
what are monocytes effective against?
Viruses
Intracellular bacteria
Chronic infections
leukopenia
abnormally low white blood cell count
leukemia
Uncontrolled leukocyte formation
the two divisions of Leukemia
Myelocytic Leukemias
Lymphocytic Leukemias
what does uncontrolled leukocyte formation lead to?
a high number of immature non-functinoal WBC’s
another word for platelets
thrombocytes
steps of Hemostasis
vascular spasm
Formation of platelet plug
Coagulation
2 factors in repair
Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Vascular-endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
what digests the fibrin and dissolves the clot
Plasmin
what is hemophilia?
Lack of clotting factor that is hereditary
What is hematocrit?
the percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes
normal hematocrit value?
45%
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
what is the buffy coat of blood made of?
white blood cells and blood platelets
blood plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
other solutes
most abundant plasma proteins
albumins
makes up 60% of plasma proteins
function of albumins
maintain the colloid osmotic pressure
what is hematopoiesis?
the formation of blood cells
blood functions
- Distribution of respiratory gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products
- Hormone transport
- Regulates body temperature
- Regulates body pH
- Regulates total blood volume
- Protection against infections
what are platelets made of
cell fragments
the only complete cells of the blood cells
leukocytes
where are most plasma proteins produced?
in the liver
what are globulins?
these are functional proteins such as enzymes or antibodies
what percent of plasma proteins are globulins?
40%
structure of erythrocytes
biconcave discs
what protein causes the red color in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
what organelles do erythrocytes lack?
nucleus and mitochondria
where does hematopoiesis occur?
in red bone marrow
how many molecules of oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin transport?
4
what color is oxygenated blood?
bright red
what color is deoxygenated blood?
dark red blood
Hypoxia
Lack of RBC leading to oxygen deficiency in tissues
what do receptors in the kidneys and liver do in response to hypoxia?
they secrete erythropoietin, which stimulated the red bone marrow to produce and increases the maturation of RBC progenitors
where do macrophages engulf dying RBCs?
in the spleen
the heme of destroyed red blood cells is used for what?
bilirubin, which is secreted with bile into the small intestine
symptoms of anemia
Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
description of Hemolytic Anemia
RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced
description of iron-deficiency anemia
caused by lack of iron in diet, chronic blood loss, or impaired iron absorption
what is Thalassemia?
Absent or faulty globin chain
what will Thalassemia cause?
Erythrocyte being thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
how can leukocytes leave the blood stream?
via diapedesis
what is leukocytosis?
when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection
structure of lymphocytes
agranular and its nucleus takes up moves of the cytoplasm
what is vascular spasm?
Vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel
what does the formation of a platelet plug during homeostasis do?
temporarily plugs any damage to the vessel wall
what is coagulation?
Set of reactions that lead to the formation of an insoluble fibrin and gel-like blood clot
the normal average temperature of blood
100.4 degrees F
the normal pH range for blood
7.35-7.45
which plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?
fibrinogen
how many liters of blood does the average female have?
4-5
how many liters of blood does the average male have?
5-6
how much of our body weight is blood?
8%
what are the solutes in plasma
the proteins and hormones
average hemoglobin levels in males
13-18g/dl
average hemoglobin levels in females
12-16g/dl
what is responsible for the binding of oxygen to an erythrocytes?
iron
what is released by platelets to bring vasocontriction?
serotonin
what is an embolus?
a free floating clot
what is an embolism?
when a clot moves
what is a thrombus?
a clot formed within the vascular system
term for the breakdown of a blood clot
fibrolysis
which is faster, the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?
extrinsic pathway
what triggers the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor
Lack of clotting factor
hemophilia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Aplastic Anemia
Anemia caused by Acute or chronic blood loss
Hemorrhagic Anemia
a Deficiency in B12
Pernicious Anemia
anemia when RBC’s are destroyed faster then produced
Hemolytic Anemia
Absent or faulty globin chain
Thalassemia
when the WBC count goes over 11,000/mm3 as a response to infection
leukocytosis
cells known as bacteria slayers
neutrophils
cells that are known as modulators of the immune system
eosinophils
what chemical do basophils contain?
histamine
