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A&P2 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates

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2
Q

Basic function of the urinary system

A

Remove toxins, metabolic waste and excess ions from the blood

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3
Q

structures of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

what is each kidney supported by

A

3 Layers of supportive tissue

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5
Q

how many times a day do the kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma?

A

60 times

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6
Q

what supplies nerves to the Kidneys

A

sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus

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7
Q

3 layers of supportive tissues of the kidneys

A

Renal Fascia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous Capsule

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8
Q

the structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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9
Q

2 types of Nephrons

A

cortical - 85%

Juxtamedullary - 15%

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10
Q

Nephron Pathway

A 
Glomerulus
Bowman Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop Of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Ducts
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11
Q

3 capillary beds of the nephron

A

Glomerulus
Peritubular Capillaries
Vasa Recta

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12
Q

what forms the filtration silts that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular spaces

A

The podocytes

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13
Q

2 types of cells of the collecting duct

A

Intercalated cells

Principal cells

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14
Q

what type of tissue is the urinary bladder lined with?

A

transitional epithelial mucosa

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15
Q

2 sphincters of the Urethra

A

Involuntary Internal Sphincter

Voluntary External Urethral Sphincter

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16
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

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17
Q

what does renin convert angiotensinogen to?

A

angiotensin I

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18
Q

effect of Angiotensin II on BP

A

increases BP

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19
Q

function of aldosterone

A

reabsorb sodium

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20
Q

where does 65% of water and sodium re-absorption happen

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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21
Q

3 steps of Urination

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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22
Q

urine characteristic of a UTI

A

Cloudy urine

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23
Q

what sits on top of the kidneys that is not part of the urinary system?

A

the adrenal glands

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24
Q

function of the ureters - R

A

to tranport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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25
Q

What transports urine outside of the body?

A

the urethra

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26
Q

characteristics of the renal fascia

A

the anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

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27
Q

chacteristics of the Perirenal Fat Capsule

A

“fatty cushion”

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28
Q

chacteristics of the Fibrous Capsule

A

surrounds and protects the kidney itself

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29
Q

2 layers of the glomerular capsule:

A

parietal

visceral

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30
Q

layer of the glomerular capsule consists of branching epithelial podocytes that cover the capillaries

A

The visceral layer

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31
Q

part of the nephron pathway that receives all the filtrate from all the nephrons

A

collecting duct

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32
Q

normal NFP

A

10mm Hg

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33
Q

function of the intercalated cells

A

maintain the body’s acid-base balance

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34
Q

function of prinicpal cells

A

help maintain the body’s water and salt balance

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35
Q

what are diuretics?

A

substances that increase urine output

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36
Q

what do the kidneys remove from the blood?

A

toxins
metabolic wastes
excess ions

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37
Q

what do the kidneys regulate?

A

blood volume
chemical composition
pH

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38
Q

what does the kidney produce via gluconeogenesis during prolonged pasting?

A

glucose

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39
Q

the endocrine functions of the kidney

A
  • produce renin and erythropoietin

- activate vitamin D

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40
Q

which kidney is lower?

A

the right kidney

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41
Q

where do the ureters, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit?

A

medial hilum

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42
Q

another word for the glomerular capsule

A

Bowman capsule

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43
Q

what forms the filtration slits?

A

the foot-like extensions of the podocytes

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44
Q

another word for urination

A

micturition

45
Q

what makes urination possible?

A

contraction of detrusor muscle
opening of the internal urethral sphincter
opening of the external urethral sphincter

46
Q

average amount of urine produced in a day?

A

1.5L

47
Q

the major excretory organ of the urinary system

A

kidneys

48
Q

temporary storage for reservoir for urine

A

bladder

49
Q

organ that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

50
Q

organ that transports urine outside of the body

A

urethra

51
Q

4 main functions of the kidney

A

a) remove toxins and metabolic wastes
b) regulate bloodvolume and pH
c) produceglucose via gluconeogenesis
d) produce hormones (renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D)

52
Q

kidneys are located…

A

retroperitoneally in the superior lumbar region

53
Q

what makes the right kidney lower than the left?

A

the liver

54
Q

what separates medullary or renal pyramids?

A

renal columns

55
Q

which part of the renal pyramids does urine drip out of?

A

papillae

56
Q

what form major calyces?

A

minor calyces

57
Q

where does urine from the papillae drip into?

A

minor calyces

58
Q

what form the renal pelvis

A

major calyces

59
Q

2 main parts of nephrons

A

a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus)

tubule

60
Q

what does the first part of the tubule form?

A

the glomerular or bowman capsule

61
Q

what does the outer visceral layer of the glomerular consist of?

A

branching epithelial podocytes that cover the outside of the glomerular capillaries

62
Q

mechanorecptors that react to changes in the blood pressure

A

Granular or juxtaglomerular or JG cells

63
Q

what hormone do the granules of JG cells contain?

A

renin

64
Q

the portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

65
Q

correct order of filtrate flow

A 
glomerular capsule
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
Collecting duct
66
Q

which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

67
Q

which part of the nephron employs a countercurrent mechanism?

A

loop of henle

68
Q

normal pH range for urine

A

4.5-8

69
Q

what does urine consist of?

A

95% water

5% solutes

70
Q

the volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time

A

Renal Clearance (RC)

71
Q

function of the vasa recta

A

they function in the formation of concentrated urine

72
Q

2 controls of GFR

A

intrinsic controls

extrinsic controls

73
Q

GFR controls that only takes over under extreme stress

A

extrinsic controls

74
Q

what drives Glomerular filtration?

A

net filtration pressure

75
Q

cells that secrete renin

A

granular cells

76
Q

what cells act as chemoreceptors?

A

macula dense cells

77
Q

how much blood do renal arteries deliver to the kidneys each minute?

A

1/4 or 1200ml

78
Q

type of urination in infants

A

reflexive urination

79
Q

the site of most obligatory reabsorption

A

PCT

80
Q

what performs the second step of obligatory reabsorption?

A

loop of Henle

81
Q

site of bladder infection

A

trigone

82
Q

smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and urethra

A

trigone

83
Q

how many liters of filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?

A

180L

84
Q

what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

85
Q

how does angiotension II increase BP?

A

it stimulates the hypothalamus which releases aldosterone

86
Q

another name for a bladder infection

A

cystitis

87
Q

what part of the kindey contains hormones?

A

DCT

88
Q

which hormones control the DCT?

A

parathyroid
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP

89
Q

What part of the nephron employs a counter mechanism?

A

loop of Henle

90
Q

how should urine smell?

A

aromatic

91
Q

what does the filtration membrane between the blood and the capsular space contain?

A

the fenestrated endothelium
gel-like basement membrane
visceral membrane

92
Q

which cells degrade macromolecules that make it through the filtration membrane?

A

glomerular mesangial cells

93
Q

what appears when the bladder is empty and the lining collapses?

A

rugae

94
Q

where is the detrusor muscle located?

A

the thick wall of the bladder

95
Q

how is urine pushed towards the bladder?

A

peristalsis

96
Q

2 routes of tubular reabsorption

A

transcellular route

paracellular route

97
Q

location of the vasa recta

A

run parallel to the loops of Henle

98
Q

normal GFR

A

120-125 ml/min

99
Q

which limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs Na, Cl, and K?

A

Ascending limb

100
Q

which limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs water?

A

the descending limb

101
Q

where does the transcellular route go through?

A

through tubule cells

102
Q

where does the paracellular route go through?

A

through leaky tight junctions

103
Q

what releases renin from the granular cells?

A

reduced stretch of the cells and hypotension

104
Q

how many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

about 1 million

105
Q

how is backflow of urine in the ureters prevented?

A

as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, oreventing backflow of urine

106
Q

the opening in the bladder for the ureters and the urethra

A

trigone

107
Q

the main for behind glomerular filtration

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

108
Q

the opposing forces to Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure and Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

109
Q

cells interconnected with gap junctions between macular densa and granular cells

A

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells

A&P2 (19 decks)

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