exam 2 Flashcards
glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
lipolysis
the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids
The term “essential amino acid” refers to …
those amino acids that the body cannot synthesize
lenoleic
lenolenic
what muscle churns food in the stomach?
inner oblique layer
what must air pass through when going from the pharynx to the trachea?
larynx
structure that prevents food from entering the airway
Epiglottis
The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
What delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?
Secondary bronchi
An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?
Decrease the pressure
what does surfactant do?
decreases the surface tension in the alveoli
This volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Residual volume
what will Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli cause?
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.
how is the majority of carbon dioxide transported?
as bicarbonate ions
In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to…
hydrogen ions
The chloride shift refers to:
chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell.
what controls normal quiet respiration?
ventral respiratory group
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to:
an increase in CO2.
The chemical and mechanical process of food breakdown is called…
digestion
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place
mesenteries
where is chyme created?
stomach
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
parietal cells
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called
hydrolysis
what is secretin released in response to?
acidic chyme entering the small intestine
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of:
catabolism
The terminal portion of the small intestine
ileum
major function of the large intestine
remove waste materials
The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin
small intestine
A fluid secreted in the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids
bile
the total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
Minute ventilation (MV)
gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
forced vital capacity (FVC)
the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
the sphincter that allows food to enter the stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter
digestive function of the stomach
protein digestion
what happens in Substrate-level phosphorylation?
High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP
what is insulin released in response to?
glucose and animo acids
hormone that regulates almost all processes of the absorptive state
insulin
what are enzymes of the microvilli called?
brush boarder enzymes
type of phosphorylation that couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical
reactions
Oxidative phosphorylation
the opening on the terminal end of the large intestine
anus
the last subdivision of the small intestine
ileum
fatty acids that enhance excretion of cholesterol
unsaturated
Where does the small intestine start and where does it end?
Pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve
What are the two types of salivary glands?
Extrinsic and intrinsic
which type of salivary gland is independent of food intake?
intrinsic glands
hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the stomach glands
Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin
which hormone stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
the pressure inside the airways
respiratory pressure
the normal Po2 of arterial blood in the systemic circulation
100
how many molecules of O2 are there per Hb molecule in partially loaded Hb
1-3
what is loading Hb with O2 called?
oxygenation
what enzyme catalyzes to dissociation of carbonic acid into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?
carbonic anhydrase
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
what membrane covers the nasal cavity?
mucous membrane
function of the epiglottis
to close entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea
function of the glottis
close or open to regulate airflow for voice production
location of the glottis
between the vocal folds
Peristalsis is part of which digestive process?
propulsion
Which of the phases of gastric secretion is a conditioned reflex?
cephalic phase
the gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by which accessory organ?
Pancreas
Which substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralize chyme?
Bicarbonate
Which histological layer of the alimentary canal is also known as the visceral peritoneum?
Serosa
The esophageal hiatus is found on this organ
Diaphragm
Which hormone triggers the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?
CCK
This hormone relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter
CCK
The pocket-like sacs of the large intestine
haustra
Micelles are formed during the absorption of which nutrient?
Fatty acids
Which nutrient is used almost exclusively for ATP production?
glucose
Which nutrients form enzymes and some hormones?
Amino acids
when does intrapulmonary pressure decrease?
during inspiration
which pressure is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing
transpulmonary pressure
most abundant gas in our air
nitrogen
Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?
Increase
The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
what controls Normal quiet respiration?
ventral respiratory group
which enzyme is only found in children?
rennin
Which enzyme digests disaccharides into monosaccharides?
Sucrase
A negative nitrogen balance would be present in which situation?
starvation
This mineral is widely distributed in our plasma and tissue fluid (extracellular fluid).
Sodium
the critical factor influencing BMR
Body surface area
An excess of this nutrient has been linked to bone loss
Protein
where are fat digesting enzymes produced?
in the pancreas
where is fat digested
small intestine
what is the energy yield for glucose?
4
the hormone that deals with the contraction of the gall bladder
CCK
what pressure in the respiratory system is always negative?
intrapleural
what pressure in the respiratory system is always positive?
transpulmonary
which salivary gland breaks down starch?
parotid
what structure in the mouth helps form the bolus?
tongue
2 big cartilages of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
term for lung collapse
atelectasis
name for the last tracheal cartilage
carina
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
word for labored breathing
Dyspnea
term for when air gets into the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?
Boyle’s Law
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
vital capacity
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
Tidal Volume (TV)
name for the hairs in the nose
vibrissae
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
what regulates the rate of loading and unloading of O2
Po2
Temperature
Blood pH
Pco2
factors that influence external respiration
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Bohr effect
the weakening of the Hb-oxygen bond caused by a decline in pH
respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude
Acclimatization
effect of an increase in pH on ventilation
decreased pulmonary ventilation
Haldane effect
The amount of CO2 transported is affected by the Po2
Forces that maintain the negative pressure in Pip
- elasticity of the lungs
- surface tension in alveoli
- chest wall pulling action
a complete stop in breathing
Apnea
normal body temperature
98.6 degrees
what do pain reflexes in the GI tact do?
overall inhibition
gastrocolic reflex
the distention of the stomach initiated mass movement
gastroileal reflex
gastric destention relaxes ileocecal sphincter
intestino-intestinal reflex
over-distention or injury of bowel segment causes entire bowel to relax
