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A&P2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen from glucose

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2
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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3
Q

lipolysis

A

the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids

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4
Q

The term “essential amino acid” refers to …

A

those amino acids that the body cannot synthesize
lenoleic
lenolenic

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5
Q

what muscle churns food in the stomach?

A

inner oblique layer

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6
Q

what must air pass through when going from the pharynx to the trachea?

A

larynx

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7
Q

structure that prevents food from entering the airway

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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9
Q

What delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?

A

Secondary bronchi

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10
Q

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?

A

Decrease the pressure

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11
Q

what does surfactant do?

A

decreases the surface tension in the alveoli

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12
Q

This volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

A

Residual volume

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13
Q

what will Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli cause?

A

constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.

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14
Q

how is the majority of carbon dioxide transported?

A

as bicarbonate ions

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15
Q

In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to…

A

hydrogen ions

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16
Q

The chloride shift refers to:

A

chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell.

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17
Q

what controls normal quiet respiration?

A

ventral respiratory group

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18
Q

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to:

A

an increase in CO2.

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20
Q

The chemical and mechanical process of food breakdown is called…

A

digestion

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21
Q

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place

A

mesenteries

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22
Q

where is chyme created?

A

stomach

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23
Q

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

A

parietal cells

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24
Q

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called

A

hydrolysis

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25
Q

what is secretin released in response to?

A

acidic chyme entering the small intestine

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26
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

A

B12

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27
Q

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of:

A

catabolism

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28
Q

The terminal portion of the small intestine

A

ileum

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29
Q

major function of the large intestine

A

remove waste materials

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30
Q

The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin

A

small intestine

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31
Q

A fluid secreted in the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids

A

bile

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32
Q

the total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

A

Minute ventilation (MV)

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33
Q

gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)

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34
Q

the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time

A

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

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35
Q

the sphincter that allows food to enter the stomach

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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36
Q

digestive function of the stomach

A

protein digestion

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37
Q

what happens in Substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ADP

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38
Q

what is insulin released in response to?

A

glucose and animo acids

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39
Q

hormone that regulates almost all processes of the absorptive state

A

insulin

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40
Q

what are enzymes of the microvilli called?

A

brush boarder enzymes

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41
Q

type of phosphorylation that couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical
reactions

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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42
Q

the opening on the terminal end of the large intestine

A

anus

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43
Q

the last subdivision of the small intestine

A

ileum

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44
Q

fatty acids that enhance excretion of cholesterol

A

unsaturated

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45
Q

Where does the small intestine start and where does it end?

A

Pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve

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46
Q

What are the two types of salivary glands?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

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47
Q

which type of salivary gland is independent of food intake?

A

intrinsic glands

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48
Q

hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the stomach glands

A

Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin

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49
Q

which hormone stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

50
Q

the pressure inside the airways

A

respiratory pressure

51
Q

the normal Po2 of arterial blood in the systemic circulation

A

100

52
Q

how many molecules of O2 are there per Hb molecule in partially loaded Hb

A

1-3

53
Q

what is loading Hb with O2 called?

A

oxygenation

54
Q

what enzyme catalyzes to dissociation of carbonic acid into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions?

A

carbonic anhydrase

55
Q

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

A

intrapulmonary pressure

56
Q

what membrane covers the nasal cavity?

A

mucous membrane

57
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

to close entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea

58
Q

function of the glottis

A

close or open to regulate airflow for voice production

59
Q

location of the glottis

A

between the vocal folds

60
Q

Peristalsis is part of which digestive process?

A

propulsion

61
Q

Which of the phases of gastric secretion is a conditioned reflex?

A

cephalic phase

62
Q

the gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

63
Q

Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by which accessory organ?

A

Pancreas

64
Q

Which substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralize chyme?

A

Bicarbonate

65
Q

Which histological layer of the alimentary canal is also known as the visceral peritoneum?

A

Serosa

66
Q

The esophageal hiatus is found on this organ

A

Diaphragm

67
Q

Which hormone triggers the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?

A

CCK

68
Q

This hormone relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

CCK

69
Q

The pocket-like sacs of the large intestine

A

haustra

70
Q

Micelles are formed during the absorption of which nutrient?

A

Fatty acids

71
Q

Which nutrient is used almost exclusively for ATP production?

A

glucose

72
Q

Which nutrients form enzymes and some hormones?

A

Amino acids

73
Q

when does intrapulmonary pressure decrease?

A

during inspiration

74
Q

which pressure is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing

A

transpulmonary pressure

75
Q

most abundant gas in our air

A

nitrogen

76
Q

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.

A

constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles

77
Q

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___.

A

constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles

78
Q

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?

A

Increase

79
Q

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptors

80
Q

what controls Normal quiet respiration?

A

ventral respiratory group

81
Q

which enzyme is only found in children?

A

rennin

82
Q

Which enzyme digests disaccharides into monosaccharides?

A

Sucrase

83
Q

A negative nitrogen balance would be present in which situation?

A

starvation

84
Q

This mineral is widely distributed in our plasma and tissue fluid (extracellular fluid).

A

Sodium

85
Q

the critical factor influencing BMR

A

Body surface area

86
Q

An excess of this nutrient has been linked to bone loss

A

Protein

87
Q

where are fat digesting enzymes produced?

A

in the pancreas

88
Q

where is fat digested

A

small intestine

89
Q

what is the energy yield for glucose?

A

4

90
Q

the hormone that deals with the contraction of the gall bladder

A

CCK

91
Q

what pressure in the respiratory system is always negative?

A

intrapleural

92
Q

what pressure in the respiratory system is always positive?

A

transpulmonary

93
Q

which salivary gland breaks down starch?

A

parotid

94
Q

what structure in the mouth helps form the bolus?

A

tongue

95
Q

2 big cartilages of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

96
Q

term for lung collapse

A

atelectasis

97
Q

name for the last tracheal cartilage

A

carina

98
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

99
Q

word for labored breathing

A

Dyspnea

100
Q

term for when air gets into the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

101
Q

which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?

A

Boyle’s Law

102
Q

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

A

vital capacity

103
Q

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

104
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

A

Residual Volume (RV)

105
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

106
Q

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

107
Q

name for the hairs in the nose

A

vibrissae

108
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas

109
Q

what regulates the rate of loading and unloading of O2

A

Po2
Temperature
Blood pH
Pco2

110
Q

factors that influence external respiration

A

Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

111
Q

Bohr effect

A

the weakening of the Hb-oxygen bond caused by a decline in pH

112
Q

respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude

A

Acclimatization

113
Q

effect of an increase in pH on ventilation

A

decreased pulmonary ventilation

114
Q

Haldane effect

A

The amount of CO2 transported is affected by the Po2

115
Q

Forces that maintain the negative pressure in Pip

A
  1. elasticity of the lungs
  2. surface tension in alveoli
  3. chest wall pulling action
116
Q

a complete stop in breathing

A

Apnea

117
Q

normal body temperature

A

98.6 degrees

118
Q

what do pain reflexes in the GI tact do?

A

overall inhibition

119
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

the distention of the stomach initiated mass movement

120
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

gastric destention relaxes ileocecal sphincter

121
Q

intestino-intestinal reflex

A

over-distention or injury of bowel segment causes entire bowel to relax

A&P2 (19 decks)

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