chapter 23 Flashcards
another word for pulmonary ventilation
breathing
external respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
major organs of the respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and their branches Lungs and alveoli
Conducting zone structures
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi carry to gas exchange sites
Respiratory zone
site of gas exchange, i.e, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
lower airways
all structures below the larynx
External nose structures
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
Philtrum
a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
Olfactory mucosa location
lines the superior nasal cavity
3 parts of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
3 parts of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
another word for the voice box
larynx
2 big cartilages of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
first part of the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles
what type of tissue is the epiglottis made of?
elastic cartilage
term for lung collapse
atelectasis
diameter of brochioles
less than 1mm in diameter
pulmonary ventilation - R
moving air in and out of the lungs
what divides the nasal cavity?
the nasal septum
bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
functions of the paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Help warm air
Moisten the inspired air
Act as resonating chambers for speech
functions of the Larynx
voice box
allows for air to continue down into the trachea
routes food down the esophagus toward the stomach
cartilage that makes up the larynx
hyaline cartilage
function of the epiglottis
to close the entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea
name for the last tracheal cartilage
carina
how many orders of branching do the bronchi undergo?
23
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
Respiratory membrane
microscopic structure allowing the diffusion of gases
which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant
type 2
what do the bases of the lungs sit on?
the diaphragm
what covers the lungs
pleura
Parietal pleura
covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm
Visceral pleura
covers all external surfaces of the lungs
Pleural fluid
provides lubrication and surface tension
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
Respiratory Pressure
pressure in side the airways
Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
pressure in side the lungs
what pressure should the intrapleural cavity always be?
negative
what happens if the intrapleural pressure becomes zero
lung collapse
Respiratory Muscles for Inspiration
Diaphragm ( main)
External intercostals
SCM (with forced inspiration)
Scalenes (with forced inspiration)
Respiratory Muscles for Expiration
Internal intercoastals
Muscles of the abdominal wall
3 things that inspiratory muscles have to overcome
Airway resistance
Alveolar Surface tension
Lung compliance
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
how to find inspiratory capacity
IC = TV + IRV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
sum of what two things makes up the total dead space?
anatomical dead space
alveolar dead space
word for labored breathing -
Dyspnea
active inflammation of the airways
bronchospasm
4 process that work together to accomplish respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport
internal respiration
5 functions of the nose
airway for respiration filters, heats, and moistens air resonating chamber for speech reclaims heat and moisture during exhalation houses olfactory receptors
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
external respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Internal respiration
a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
Philtrum
atelectasis
term for lung collapse
bronchospasm
active inflammation of the airways
carina
name for the last tracheal cartilage
Dyspnea
word for labored breathing
covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
covers all external surfaces of the lungs
Visceral pleura
provides lubrication and surface tension
Pleural fluid
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions
Tidal Volume (TV)
pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
pressure in side the airways
Respiratory Pressure
pressure in side the lungs
Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
what forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
soft and hard palate
what does the respiratory mucosa do?
uses its plexuses of capillaries and veins that help warm inspired air
function of the nasal conchae
increase the surface area of the mucosa and enhance turbulent airflow
(helps clean, heat, and moisten air)
name for the hairs in the nose - R
vibrissae
air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
oropharynx
posterior to the upright epiglottis
laryngopharynx
measures lung volumes and capacities - R
spirometer
the shield shaped cartilage on the larynx
thyroid cartilage
what forms the adam’s apple?
the laryngeal prominence from the thyroid cartilage
ring shaped cartilage of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
location of thyrohyoid membrane
between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
location of cricothyroid ligament
between thyroid and cricoid cartilage
3 smaller cartilages of the larynx
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate
where do the vocal ligaments run from?
the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
what is opened and closed to regulate airflow for voice production?
glottis
form the core of the vocal fold or the true vocal cords
Vocal ligaments
the wind pipe
trachea
location of trachea
runs from the larynx down to the mediastinum
what connects the posterior part of the tracheal rings?
trachealis muscles
what does the trachea do during coughing?
contracts to expel air
about how many alveoli are there?
300 million
what connects alveoli
alveolar pores
function of the alveolar pores
allows for air pressure in the lungs to equalize
how things leave and enter the lung
through the hilum
location of hilum
on mediastinal surface
what causes the movement of air?
a pressure gradient (passive process)
air moves from higher to lower pressure
term for when air gets into the pleural cavity - R
pneumonthorax
what tends to causes atelectasis?
recoil of the elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
what creates intrapleural pressure?
inward pull of the lungs
Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure
Transpulmonary Pressure
what must the transpulmonary pressure always be?
positive
what does Boyle’s law say about pulmonary ventilation?
If pressure in thoracic cavity goes up > pressure in the lungs much go down
Average Tidal Volume for males and females
0.5L
Average Inspiratory Reserve Volume for males and females
males: 3.1L
females: 1.9L
Average Expiration Reserve Volume for males and females
males: 1.2L
females: 0.7L
Average Residual Volume for males and females
males: 1.2L
females: 1.1L
Average Inspiratory Capacity for males and females
males: 3.6L
females: 2.4L
Average Functional Residual capacity for males and females
males: 2.4L
females: 1.8L
Average Vital Capacity for males and females
males: 4.8L
females: 3.1L
Average Total Lung Capacity for males and females
males: 6.0L
females: 4.2L
vital capacity- R
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - R
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli - R
anatomical dead space
air that flows into the alveoli that doesn’t contribute to gas exchange - R
alveolar dead space
total dead space
sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Combination of chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the bronchi and an over inflation of destruction of alveoli
when does inhalation begin?
when the diaphragm contracts
the effect of surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?
Boyle’s Law
