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A&P2 > chapter 23 > Flashcards

chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

another word for pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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2
Q

external respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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4
Q

major organs of the respiratory system

A 
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli
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5
Q

Conducting zone structures

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi carry to gas exchange sites

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6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange, i.e, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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7
Q

lower airways

A

all structures below the larynx

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8
Q

External nose structures

A

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex

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9
Q

Philtrum

A

a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex

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10
Q

Olfactory mucosa location

A

lines the superior nasal cavity

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11
Q

3 parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

3 parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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13
Q

another word for the voice box

A

larynx

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14
Q

2 big cartilages of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

first part of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles

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16
Q

what type of tissue is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

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17
Q

term for lung collapse

A

atelectasis

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18
Q

diameter of brochioles

A

less than 1mm in diameter

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19
Q

pulmonary ventilation - R

A

moving air in and out of the lungs

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20
Q

what divides the nasal cavity?

A

the nasal septum

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21
Q

bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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22
Q

functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Help warm air
Moisten the inspired air
Act as resonating chambers for speech

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23
Q

functions of the Larynx

A

voice box
allows for air to continue down into the trachea
routes food down the esophagus toward the stomach

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24
Q

cartilage that makes up the larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

to close the entry into the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting into the trachea

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26
Q

name for the last tracheal cartilage

A

carina

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27
Q

how many orders of branching do the bronchi undergo?

A

23

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28
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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29
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

microscopic structure allowing the diffusion of gases

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30
Q

which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant

A

type 2

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31
Q

what do the bases of the lungs sit on?

A

the diaphragm

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32
Q

what covers the lungs

A

pleura

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33
Q

Parietal pleura

A

covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm

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34
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers all external surfaces of the lungs

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35
Q

Pleural fluid

A

provides lubrication and surface tension

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36
Q

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)

A

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

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37
Q

Respiratory Pressure

A

pressure in side the airways

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38
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)

A

pressure in side the lungs

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39
Q

what pressure should the intrapleural cavity always be?

A

negative

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40
Q

what happens if the intrapleural pressure becomes zero

A

lung collapse

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41
Q

Respiratory Muscles for Inspiration

A

Diaphragm ( main)
External intercostals
SCM (with forced inspiration)
Scalenes (with forced inspiration)

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42
Q

Respiratory Muscles for Expiration

A

Internal intercoastals

Muscles of the abdominal wall

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43
Q

3 things that inspiratory muscles have to overcome

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar Surface tension
Lung compliance

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44
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions

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45
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

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46
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

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47
Q

how to find inspiratory capacity

A

IC = TV + IRV

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48
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

49
Q

sum of what two things makes up the total dead space?

A

anatomical dead space

alveolar dead space

50
Q

word for labored breathing -

A

Dyspnea

51
Q

active inflammation of the airways

A

bronchospasm

52
Q

4 process that work together to accomplish respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport
internal respiration

53
Q

5 functions of the nose

A 
airway for respiration
filters, heats, and moistens air
resonating chamber for speech
reclaims heat and moisture during exhalation
houses olfactory receptors
54
Q

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

A

external respiration

55
Q

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

A

Internal respiration

56
Q

a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex

A

Philtrum

57
Q

atelectasis

A

term for lung collapse

58
Q

bronchospasm

A

active inflammation of the airways

59
Q

carina

A

name for the last tracheal cartilage

60
Q

Dyspnea

A

word for labored breathing

61
Q

covers thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

62
Q

covers all external surfaces of the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

63
Q

provides lubrication and surface tension

A

Pleural fluid

64
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

A

Residual Volume (RV)

65
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

66
Q

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under normal conditions

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

67
Q

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

A

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)

68
Q

pressure in side the airways

A

Respiratory Pressure

69
Q

pressure in side the lungs

A

Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)

70
Q

what forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

soft and hard palate

71
Q

what does the respiratory mucosa do?

A

uses its plexuses of capillaries and veins that help warm inspired air

72
Q

function of the nasal conchae

A

increase the surface area of the mucosa and enhance turbulent airflow
(helps clean, heat, and moisten air)

73
Q

name for the hairs in the nose - R

A

vibrissae

74
Q

air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

75
Q

passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis

A

oropharynx

76
Q

posterior to the upright epiglottis

A

laryngopharynx

77
Q

measures lung volumes and capacities - R

A

spirometer

78
Q

the shield shaped cartilage on the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

79
Q

what forms the adam’s apple?

A

the laryngeal prominence from the thyroid cartilage

80
Q

ring shaped cartilage of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

81
Q

location of thyrohyoid membrane

A

between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

82
Q

location of cricothyroid ligament

A

between thyroid and cricoid cartilage

83
Q

3 smaller cartilages of the larynx

A

arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate

84
Q

where do the vocal ligaments run from?

A

the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

85
Q

what is opened and closed to regulate airflow for voice production?

A

glottis

86
Q

form the core of the vocal fold or the true vocal cords

A

Vocal ligaments

87
Q

the wind pipe

A

trachea

88
Q

location of trachea

A

runs from the larynx down to the mediastinum

89
Q

what connects the posterior part of the tracheal rings?

A

trachealis muscles

90
Q

what does the trachea do during coughing?

A

contracts to expel air

91
Q

about how many alveoli are there?

A

300 million

92
Q

what connects alveoli

A

alveolar pores

93
Q

function of the alveolar pores

A

allows for air pressure in the lungs to equalize

94
Q

how things leave and enter the lung

A

through the hilum

95
Q

location of hilum

A

on mediastinal surface

96
Q

what causes the movement of air?

A

a pressure gradient (passive process)

air moves from higher to lower pressure

97
Q

term for when air gets into the pleural cavity - R

A

pneumonthorax

98
Q

what tends to causes atelectasis?

A

recoil of the elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

99
Q

what creates intrapleural pressure?

A

inward pull of the lungs

100
Q

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

101
Q

what must the transpulmonary pressure always be?

A

positive

102
Q

what does Boyle’s law say about pulmonary ventilation?

A

If pressure in thoracic cavity goes up > pressure in the lungs much go down

103
Q

Average Tidal Volume for males and females

A

0.5L

104
Q

Average Inspiratory Reserve Volume for males and females

A

males: 3.1L
females: 1.9L

105
Q

Average Expiration Reserve Volume for males and females

A

males: 1.2L
females: 0.7L

106
Q

Average Residual Volume for males and females

A

males: 1.2L
females: 1.1L

107
Q

Average Inspiratory Capacity for males and females

A

males: 3.6L
females: 2.4L

108
Q

Average Functional Residual capacity for males and females

A

males: 2.4L
females: 1.8L

109
Q

Average Vital Capacity for males and females

A

males: 4.8L
females: 3.1L

110
Q

Average Total Lung Capacity for males and females

A

males: 6.0L
females: 4.2L

111
Q

vital capacity- R

A

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

112
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - R

A

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

113
Q

inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli - R

A

anatomical dead space

114
Q

air that flows into the alveoli that doesn’t contribute to gas exchange - R

A

alveolar dead space

115
Q

total dead space

A

sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

116
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

Combination of chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the bronchi and an over inflation of destruction of alveoli

117
Q

when does inhalation begin?

A

when the diaphragm contracts

118
Q

the effect of surfactant

A

decreases the surface tension of the alveoli

119
Q

which law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas?

A

Boyle’s Law

A&P2 (19 decks)

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