Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

digestive glands

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

6 digestive processes

A 
ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ingestion

A

eating or drinking nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Propulsion

A

movement of the ingested material from the mouth through the GI tract to the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

breaking down the food by physical means, such as chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical digestion

A

breaking down the nutrients in basic units that can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Absorption

A

moving nutrients across the basement membrane of the mucous membrane into the blood of lymph by active or passive transport processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Defecation

A

excretion of food content that cannot be broken down and absorbed in the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what controls the digestive system?

A

ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the 2 groups of organs in the digestive system

A
  • Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract)

- Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

organs of alimentary canal

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respond to?

A

stretch, change in osmolarity and presence of substrate and end products of digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of the peritoneum

A

to hold organs in place and store fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 layers of the alimentary canal

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis External
  • Serous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of the mouth

A
  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion (into pharynx)
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion (amylase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of hard palate

A

helps with chewing and formation of bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the soft palate do during swallowing?

A

closes off the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function of the tongue

A

Repositions and mixes food during chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is the tongue attached to?

A

the lingual frenulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

term for dry mouth

A

xerostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many baby teeth do we have

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many permanent teeth do we have?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

word for baby teeth

A

deciduous teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which teeth do grinding?

A

molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which teeth do tearing?

A

canines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

which teeth do cutting?

A

incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where does the esophagus run from?

A

laryngopharynx to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what regulates gastric secretion?

A

neural and hormonal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach

A

grastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

erosion of the stomach wall

A

ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

most common cause of ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where does the small intestine run from?

A

from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where does 90% of absorbtion occur?

A

in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where are enterocytes found?

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

location of peyer’s patches

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of Brunner’s glands

A

secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize the low pH of chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

organ that produces and releases bile

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of gallbadder

A

Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

major function of the large intestine

A

propulsion of feces toward the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

regions of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum (pouch with attached vermiform appendix)
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

another term for Alimentary Canal

A

gastrointestinal or GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

location of the parietal peritoneum

A

lines the inner wall of the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

location of the visceral peritoneum

A

outer surface of most digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

organs within the peritoneal cavity

A

intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

organs located posterior to the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

structure of the peritoneum - R

A

double layered structure called the mesentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what drains the venous blood from the digestive organs?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where does the Hepatic portal circulation deliver blood to?

A

to the liver for processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

innermost layer of the GI tract

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

outermost layer of the GI tract

A

serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

layer of the GI tract Made of dense connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels

A

Submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

layer of the GI tract which is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

A

Muscularis External

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what regulates the GI tract motility

A

myenteric nerve plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

structure of the muscularis externa

A

2 sub-layers made of smooth muscle > inner circular and outer longitudinal

58
Q

4 types of papillae

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate

59
Q

which glands produce secretions when chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors get stimulated?

A

Extrinsic salivary glands

60
Q

3 extrinsic salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

61
Q

what does saliva contain?

A

electrolytes, enzymes, metabolic wastes and defensive compounds

62
Q

term for swallowing

A

deglutition

63
Q

major stomach regions

A

Cardiac region or cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric region

64
Q

what does the pyloric region consist of?

A

antrum, pyloric canal, and pylorus

65
Q

what is the pylorus continuous of?

A

the duodenum through the pyloric valve

66
Q

Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm

67
Q

phases of gastric secretion regulation

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

68
Q

phase that includes the sight, thoughts, smell and taste of food

A

cephalic phase

69
Q

phase when partially digested food inter the duodenum

A

intestinal phase

70
Q

phase when food or fluid enters the stomach

A

Gastric Phase

71
Q

which chemical messengers can stimulate Parietal Cells Releasing HCI?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)
Histamine
Gastrin

72
Q

how long does fatty chyme remain in the duodenum?

A

6 hours or more

73
Q

subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
jejunum
ileum

74
Q

how long is the small intestine

75
Q

what are Peyers Patches part of?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

76
Q

another word for Duodenal glands

A

Brunner glands

77
Q

structural and function units of the liver that process nutrient rich blood

A

Hexagonal Liver Lobules

78
Q

word for liver cells

A

hepatocytes

79
Q

leaky capillaries that surround the plates of hepatocytes in the liver _R

80
Q

fixed macrophages in sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

81
Q

where do sinusoids empty into?

A

the central vein > hepatic vein > IVC

82
Q

Cholesteral derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption - R

A

bile salts

83
Q

pigment formed from heme during hemoglobin breakdown

84
Q

where does the liver receive bile from?

A

cystic duct

85
Q

structure of the gallbladder

A

Thin-walled muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

86
Q

hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

87
Q

production site of gastrin

A

G cells of gastric glands

88
Q

GI tract reflexes

A 
pain reflexes
vagovagal reflexes
enterogastric reflex
gastroileal reflex
intestino-intestinal reflex
gastrocolic reflex
duodenocolic reflex
defacation reflex
89
Q

reflex that enhances the force of segmentation in the ileum

A

Gastroileal reflex

90
Q

what moves chyme into the esophagus?

A

peristalic waves

91
Q

what breaksdown proteins in the stomach

92
Q

what does the terminal sulcus mark?

A

the boarder between the body of the tongue and

93
Q

3 unique feature of the large intestine

A

Teniae coli
Haustra
Epiploic appendages

94
Q

Fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

A

Epiploic appendages

95
Q

Pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli

96
Q

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis

A

Teniae coli

97
Q

what stops feces from being passed with gas?

A

3 rectal valves

98
Q

regions of the colon

A

Asending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon

99
Q

what relaxes to allow chyme into the large intestine

A

the ileocecal sphinter

100
Q

hormone that increases motility of the ileum

101
Q

hormone that starts peristaltic waves that move meal remnants, bacteria, and debris into large intestine

102
Q

what prevents blackflow into the small intestine?

A

ileocecal valve

103
Q

structure in the small intestine that forces chyme to slowly spiral through the lumen

A

circular folds

104
Q

the brain of the small intestine

105
Q

absorptive cells in the epithelium of the small intestine

A

enterocytes

106
Q

what is the brush boarder

A

enterocytes (absorptive cells) with microvilli

107
Q

part of the small intestine that produces a slightly alkaline intestinal juice

A

crypt epithelium

108
Q

finger-like extensions in the small intestine

109
Q

what is at each corner of the liver lobule?

A

portal triad

110
Q

what does the portal triad consist of?

A

bile duct
portal arteriole
hepatic venule

111
Q

where does the bile duct receive bile from?

A

the bile canaliculi

112
Q

what does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

lubricating fluid to allow the mobile parts to move against each other without friction

113
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propia
muscularus mucosae

114
Q

function of the mesentery

A

provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

115
Q

where do digestive organs in the abdominal cavity receive blood from?

A

branches of the aorta:

hepatic, splenic, left gastric, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric

116
Q

layer of the GI tract that contains lymphoid follicules, lacteals, and peyers patches

117
Q

basic mechanisms of mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors reflexes

A

activate or inhibit digestive glands

stimulate smooth muscle

118
Q

what regulates the glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa

A

submucosal nerve plexuses

119
Q

which system inhibits activity of the GI tract?

A

sympathetic

120
Q

which system stimulates activity of the GI tract?

A

parasympathetic

121
Q

the only papillae that aids in mechanical digestion

122
Q

what innervates the anterior 2/3 portion of the tongue?

A

the facial nerve

123
Q

function of the intrinsic salivary glands

A

keep mouth moist continuously

124
Q

function of extrinsic salivary glands

A

produces secretions when ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth

125
Q

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus

126
Q

which accessory organ produces a fluid to soften food?

A

salivary glands

127
Q

portion of the peritoneum largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines

128
Q

which cells secrete gastric acid?

A

parietal cells

129
Q

this hormone is stimulates by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine

A

cholecystokinin

130
Q

which hormone stimulates the pancreas contraction to release bicarbonate-rich fluis?

131
Q

what breaks down starch?

132
Q

largest gland in the body

133
Q

function of intrinsic pacemaker cells

A

initiate smooth muscle contraction that mix and move contents towards the ileocecal valve

134
Q

where is motilin used?

135
Q

which organs is secretin used on?

A

stomach
pancreas
liver

136
Q

which organs is CCK found in?

A

stomach
pancreas
gallbladder
hepatopancreatic sphincter

137
Q

what does bile contain?

A

bile salts
bilirubin
cholesterol, neural fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

138
Q

where is intrinsic factor produced?

A

the stomach

139
Q

what does the lack of intrinsic factor lead to?

A

pernicious anemia

140
Q

another name for esophagus

A&P2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions