Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

what does body water depend on?

A

age and gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what amount of the total body water does the intracellular fluid make up?

A

2/3 of total body water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what makes up 1/3 of total body water?

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is Edema?

A

Accumulation of IF which leads to tissue swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes lymph edema?

A

removal or blockage of lymph vessels that disrupts drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does electrolyte balance usually refer to?

A

salt balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the most abundant cation in the ECF

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is calcitonin released in response to what?

A

increased calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is PTH released in response to?

A

low calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

total body water content of infants

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

total body water content of adults

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solutes that dissociate into ions

A

electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do electrolytes have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes?

A

they are much more numerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the major anion of the ECF

A

Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the major cation inside cells?

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the major anion inside cells?

A

HPO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the bulk of nonelectrolytes made up of?

A

proteins
phospholipids
cholesterol
neutral fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the 2 main fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fluid divisions of extracellular fluid with percents

A 
plasma (20%)
interstitial fluid (80%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is fluid movement across capillaries determined by?

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is fluid movement across cell membranes determined by?

A

osmotic forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the ability of a solution to cause water inflow into the cell or outflow of the cell

A

tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the number of solutes in 1 liter of solution

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the number of solutes in 1 kg of solvent

A

osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

increased Pco2

A

hypercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

decrease Pco2

A

hypocapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 mechanisms that help keep the pH within normal limits

A

chemical buffer systems
brain stem respiratory centers
renal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are salts important for?

A

controlling fluid movements
excitability of muscle and nerve cells
secretory activity
membrane permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what effect do estrogens have on Na balance?

A

they increase Na re-absorption leading to water retention during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what effect does progesterone have on Na balance?

A

decreases Na reabsorption and promotes loss of Na and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what would a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid cause?

A

it would cause water to move into the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the area of the brain that plays a major role in electrolyte balance

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the driving force of water intake?

A

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

solute that plays the biggest role in water reabsorption

A

sodium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the hallmark symptom of hypotonic hydration

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

which part of the nephron does aldosterone target?

A

distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the only ion that exerts significant osmotic pressure

A

sodium ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does ANP promote?

A

sodium excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the most imporant buffer in our plasma

A

bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate mainly by the…

A

proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the most important urine buffer

A

phosphate

42
Q

ion that is reabsorbed when hydrogen ions are secreted

A

sodium

43
Q

what does parathyroid hormone enhance reabsorption of ?

A

calcium ions

44
Q

what condition can hypoproteinemia lead to?

A

edema

45
Q

molecules that can act as either an acid or a base

A

Amphoteric molecules

46
Q

what will hyperventilation lead to?

A

respiratory alkalosis

47
Q

functions of water

A
  • Maintain Body Temperature
  • Protective cushioning
  • Lubricant, Reactant, Solvent
  • Transportation
48
Q

average Percent body water content in elderly

A

45%

49
Q

average percent body water content in women

A

50%

50
Q

average percent body water content in men

A

60%

51
Q

why do men has a higher water content than women?

A

because they have more muscle mass

52
Q

where is Intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

INSIDE CELL

53
Q

where is Extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

OUTSIDE CELL

54
Q

What is the link between the external and internal environments?

A

plasma

55
Q

what regulates fluid movement across the membranes

A

by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures (forces)

56
Q

the major hormone released when we are thirsty

A

ADH

57
Q

R- term for too much sodium in the blood

A

hypernatremia

58
Q

R- term for too little sodium in the blood

A

hyponatremia

59
Q

the driving force of water intake

A

thirst

60
Q

what would a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid cause water to do?

A

move into the cells

61
Q

ways to eliminate H+ from the body

A

exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys

62
Q

the main regulators of calcium in the blood

A

calcitonin
vitamin D
PTH

63
Q

the major hormone that regulates water loss

A

ADH

64
Q

what can inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide cause?

A

respiratory acidosis

65
Q

3 chemical buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

66
Q

what causes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

A

increased K+ levels

67
Q

pH levels that cause acidosis

A

< 7.35

68
Q

pH levels that cause alkalosis

A

> 7.45

69
Q

Pco2 durring metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

A

35-45

70
Q

Pco2 durring respiratory acidosis

A

> 45

71
Q

Pco2 durring respiratory alkalosis

A

<35

72
Q

most important buffer system

A

bicarbonate buffer system

73
Q

how is the thirst center activiated?

A

via the osmoreceptors when the osmolality exceeds the norm by 2-3%

74
Q

where are osmoreceptors located?

A

in the hypothalamus

75
Q

what is the antagonist to aldosterone?

A

ANP

76
Q

where is ANP produced from?

A

the heart

77
Q

what acid-base abnormality does vomitting cause?

A

metabolic alkalosis

78
Q

what acid-base abnormality can excessive alcohol cause?

A

metabolic acidosis

79
Q

how does the kidney respond to respiratory imbalances?

A

by increases or decreasing bicarbonate levels

80
Q

how does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?

A

the respiratory system will allow CO2 to accumulate in the blood and breathing breathing rate will slow

81
Q

how does the body respond to metabolic acidosis?

A

respiratory system will remove as much CO2 as possible

breathing increased

82
Q

where is the protein buffer system important?

A

inside the cell and in the blood

83
Q

the only important buffer system of the ECF

A

bicarbonate buffer system

84
Q

where does the bicarbonate buffer system work?

A

inside and outside the cell

85
Q

what does each of the 3 buffer systems contain?

A

a weak acid and weak base

86
Q

what releases when CO2 is converted to HCO3?

A

h+

87
Q

function of chloride in the ECF?

A

helps maintain osmotic pressure of blood

88
Q

where is calcitonin released from?

A

the thyroid

89
Q

how do K+ and H+ maintain cation balance?

A

by moving in opposite directions

90
Q

where is potassium balance controlled?

A

in the collecting duct by principal cells

91
Q

what will increased K+ cause the release of?

A

aldosterone

92
Q

function of aldosterone

A

to increase Na+ reabsorption and secretion of K+

93
Q

what are glucocorticoids close to structurally?

A

aldosterone

94
Q

what part of the nephron does aldosterone target?

A

the DCT and the collecting duct

95
Q

speed of the effects of aldoesterone

A

hours to days

96
Q

most common causes of edema

A

high blood pressure
blockage of blood vessels
high blood volume
increased capillary permeability

97
Q

what does drinking large amounts of water in a short period of time lead to?

A

hypotonic hydration

98
Q

what is facultative water loss caused by?

A

activities and emotional state

99
Q

how does obligatory water loss happen

A

lungs
sin
feces
urine

100
Q

most important intracellular buffer?

A

protein buffer

A&P2 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions