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extra 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

stratum basale

A

It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane and is where Merkel cells (light touch sensation) and melanocytes (melanin synthesis) reside.

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2
Q

genetic drift

A

can either increase or decrease fitness- it is random

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3
Q

does crossing over occur in mitosis

A

no

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4
Q

ACTH

A

released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates release of glucocorticoids like cortisol from adrenal gland

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5
Q

nucleosome

A

section of DNA wrapped around histones

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6
Q

what is put together of ribosomes in the nucleolus

A

After synthesis, rRNA is combined with ribosomal proteins to form ribosome subunits (60S and 40S) within the nucleolus. These subunits are then exported to the cytoplasm, where they assemble to form a functional eukaryotic ribosome (80S).

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7
Q

what part of the brain is important is motor control

A

frontal lobe and cerebellum

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8
Q

notochord is repalced by

A

the vertebral column (i.e., spine bones) in vertebrates.

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9
Q

epiphyseal growth plate

A

The epiphyseal growth plate consists of a layer of cartilage present during growth (i.e., birth to the end of puberty). Here, the cartilage lengthens in response to growth factors.

The cartilage matrix then ossifies (becomes bone) as the cartilage is calcified and replaced with bone tissue. This growth adds to the length of the bone.

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10
Q

contains yellow bone marrow

A

The medullary cavity is the internal part of the diaphysis. It contains yellow bone marrow, which functions primarily to store fat.

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11
Q

what does the periosteum cover

A

cortical bone

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12
Q

metaphysis

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis

The metaphysis is similar in structure to the epiphysis; it is found between the medullary cavity and the epiphyseal plate.

between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

The diaphysis of a long bone is the long, hollow shaft between the epiphyses. Growth from the epiphyseal plate extends the diaphysis, but growth does not originate here.

Diaphysis is the term for the shaft of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow in adults. Yellow bone marrow is responsible for the production of fat and bone, as well as fat storage.

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14
Q

what are the products of light dependent reactions

A

O2, NADPH, and ATP.

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15
Q

is when the second offspring generation (F2) has reduced fitness compared to the parental generation.

A

F2 breakdown

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16
Q

F1 breakdown

A

The term “F1 breakdown” is usually represented by more specific terms, such as hybrid sterility or zygote inviability. These are all postzygotic barriers that occur after zygote formation.

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17
Q

what do fertilizers lead to an increase of

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

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18
Q

what do algal blooms result in

A

decrease in oxygen harming aerobic organisms

destablizing food webs

disrupting the favoured genetic alleles and favouring variants and leading to a reduction in genetic equilibrium

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19
Q

When bone resorption occurs

A

hydroxyapatite is broken down, releasing calcium and phosphate into the blood and ultimately increasing circulating calcium and phosphate levels

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20
Q

what are pseudopodia a characteristic feature of

A

amoebas

unicellular euk - protozoa- animal like. protists

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21
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

However, in the absence of oxygen, yeast will undergo alcohol (ethanol) fermentation. In alcohol fermentation, the two pyruvates from glycolysis are decarboxylated to produce two acetaldehydes, which are then reduced by NADH to produce two molecules of ethanol. Acetaldehyde acts as the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation. In this process, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+. This ensures that a sufficient supply of NAD+ is available for glycolysis to continue, allowing the cell to keep producing ATP.

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22
Q

yeast conduct glycolysis in

A

both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Yeast cells consume, not produce, glucose in either environment because glucose is the starting reactant for cellular respiration.

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23
Q

glucose regulation of the lac operon

A

Catabolite activator protein (CAP) is an activator of the lac operon that is turned on by cAMP.

When glucose levels are high, cAMP levels are low because these two are inversely related. Low levels of cAMP reduce CAP activation. As a result, the lac operon is not fully activated, leading to low levels of transcription.

When glucose levels are low and cAMP levels are high, the cAMP-CAP complex binds to the CAP promoter site. This promotes transcription if the operon is not repressed.

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24
Q

what stimulates cck release

A

fats

Cholecystokinin is a hormone that signals the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic lipase. It also decreases the motility of the stomach to provide more time for the duodenum to digest fat.

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25
Q

where does hematopoeisis occur

A

epihpysis where there is red bone marrow

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26
Q

functional unit of cortical bone

A

osteon- cylindrical and made of layers called lamellae

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27
Q

angiosperms and gymnosperms are _sporous

A

heterosporous

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28
Q

double fertilization

A

in angiosperms

One sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote.
The second sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. The endosperm stores nutrients for the seed.

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29
Q

oxidative deamination

A

If amino acids are going to be used as a fuel source for cellular respiration, they must undergo oxidative deamination first in the liver. Here, ammonia (NH3) molecules are removed from the amino acid so it can be used in cellular respiration.

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30
Q

salt water fish and urine

A

rarely urinate and constatlnyl drink and secrete salt through gills

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31
Q

bryophyes life cycle

A

mainly gametophyte w reduced sporophyte that depends on the gametophyte

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32
Q

what is a moss

A

bryophyte

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33
Q

what is a fern

A

tracheophyte

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34
Q

what is a club moss

A

tracheophyte

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35
Q

what is a horsetail

A

tracheophyte

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36
Q

what is a liverwort

A

bryophyte

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37
Q

what is a quillwort

A

tracheophyte

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38
Q

what is a hornwort

A

bryophyte

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39
Q

what organisms are diploblasts

A

cnidaria

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40
Q

are macrophages lymphocytes

A

no

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41
Q

how does surfactant prevent alveolar collapse

A

reducing surface tension

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42
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

To remember the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary, remember “FLAT PiG” - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, ignore, Growth hormone (GH).

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43
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

aldosterone
cortisol
small amount of androgens (male sex hormones)

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44
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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45
Q

pancreas hormones

A

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

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46
Q

phagocytes

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
monocytes
neutrophils

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47
Q

is entropy affected by enzymes

A

no

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48
Q

what does the allantois devleop into for placental mammals

A

umbilical chord

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49
Q

what induces neural tube formation

A

notochord

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50
Q

what protects the embryo from mechanical stress

A

amniotic fluid

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51
Q

examples of intermediate fillaments

A

lamins - nuclear lamina
keratin

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52
Q

examples of cell matrix

A

hemidesmosomes
focal adhesion

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53
Q

what has gap jucntions

A

only animal cells

54
Q

what is prok flagella made of

A

flagellin polymer not in 9+2 array

55
Q

what has cristinae

A

golgi

56
Q

what organelles carry out autophagy and apoptosis

A

lysosomes

57
Q

what do kniesin and dynein walk along

A

microtubuels

58
Q

major component of basal lamina

A

laminin– basal lamina is the layer of ECM secreted by epithelial cells

59
Q

organelles that break down substances taken in through endocytosis

A

lysosomes

60
Q

are ribosomes part of the endomembrane system

A

no

61
Q

how much energy is released from fatty acids, carbs, and proteins

A

9 kcal
4 kcal
4 kcal

62
Q

least desirable enegy source

A

proteins

63
Q

what is the ATP used for in glycolysis that leads to a lower yield

A

varying amount of ATP used to shuttle NADH from cytosol to mitochondrial matric

64
Q

what product of glycolysis cant leave the cell

A

G6p

65
Q

what is the regulatory step of glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase

66
Q

what does beta oxidation require

A

ATP investment

67
Q

what is taken up by bacteria in bacterial cloning

A

processed mRNA that was treated w reverse transcriptase making cDNA that is cut and added to plasmids using DNA ligase and restriction enzymes

68
Q

which bacteria release endotoxins and which release exotoxins

A

both release exotocins and gram negative release endotoxins- endotoxins are components of the outer membrane

69
Q

which form of angiostensin is active

A

angiotensinogen II

70
Q

c cells

A

parafollicular cells that release calcitonin from the thyroid

71
Q

never let monkeys eat bananas

A

Neutrophils → Lymphocytes → Monocytes/Macrophages → Eosinophils → Basophils

72
Q

what effect does ADH have on urine

A

makes it more concentrated

73
Q

what do transposons use

A

transposase
present in both euk and prok

74
Q

transcription factors

A

in eukaruotes only and they bind to the TATA box

75
Q

where are chaperonins found

A

euk and prok

76
Q

when is the 5’ cap added

A

durin elongation

77
Q

what do the laws of segregation and independent assortment refer to

A

metaphase and anaphase of MEIOSIS I

78
Q

where is the spliceosome found

A

in the nucleas

79
Q

functional unit of muscle

A

sacromere

80
Q

myofibrils

A

make up muscle fibres and are made of sarcomeres linked end to end

81
Q

fibronectin

A

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in the ECM that binds to integrins. These fibronectin-integrin connections pass extracellular signals from the ECM to integrins. Even though fibronectin helps in signal transduction, it is not a transmembrane protein.

82
Q

nitric oxide

A

When nitric oxide (NO) is produced, it activates the formation of cyclic GMP (a secondary messenger). Activated cGMP relaxes smooth muscle cells, causing blood vessels to dilate, which reduces blood pressure.

83
Q

IP3 pathway

A

In response to a membrane-signaling molecule, phospholipase C is activated and cleaves PIP2 into two fragments: DAG and IP3. These fragments can both act as secondary messengers.

DAG stays in the plasma membrane and can activate protein kinase C (PKC), allowing PKC to phosphorylate its targets.

IP3 diffuses into the cytoplasm and binds to ligand-gated calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, releasing Ca2+

84
Q

bile

A

emulsifies fats to lipases can digest them

85
Q

DNA microarray

A

A DNA microarray uses fluorescent probes to identify which genes are being expressed in an organism.

86
Q

what travels farther in gel elecrophoresis

A

smaller fragments

87
Q

most abundant type of tissue in the dermis

A

connective tissue

88
Q

where is adipose tissue found in the skin

A

in the hypodermis

89
Q

neoblast

A

non differentiated cell responsible for regeneration

90
Q

genetic drift

A

bottleneck
founder effect

random changes in allele frequencies. The founder effect (a type of genetic drift) occurs when a small number of migrating individuals express different allele frequencies from the original population.

91
Q

gene flow

A

Gene flow involves the transfer of alleles between populations due to the migration of individuals. This transfer typically results from interbreeding among different populations, introducing genetic variation

92
Q

types of sympatric speciation

A

genetic mutations, sexual selection, or ecological niches

93
Q

examples of parasitic diseases

A

malaria
trichinosis

94
Q

examples of fungal diseases

A

yeast infection
atheletes foot

95
Q

citrate rearrangements

A

During these rearrangements, citrate will lose two of its carbon atoms as two carbon dioxide molecules. NAD⁺ undergoes reduction to form NADH each time a carbon dioxide leaves.
The remaining four-carbon molecule then progresses through the remainder of the Krebs cycle, generating ATP, FADH2, and more NADH before reentering the beginning of the cycle.

96
Q

chemosynthesizers

A

. Chemosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs that use chemicals as their energy source (e.g., H2 or H2S). Neither of these are found in the large intestine, where digested material is the available food source.

97
Q

in light depndent reactions

A

CO2 fixed into oxaloacetate then reduced into malate which is then moved into bundle sheath cells for c4 photosynth

98
Q

main driving force of exhalation

A

elastic recoil

99
Q

heme

A

organic cofactor found in each of the four subunits of hemoglobin and each one contains iron

100
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase

A

red blood cells and cerebrospinal flluid

101
Q

what do central chemoreceptors recognize in the brain for medulla oblongata

A

actidity

102
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors for the medulla oblongata

A

aortic arch and corotid arteries

103
Q

How many neutrophils are there

A

Make up over half of leukocytes

104
Q

How many neutrophils are there

A

Make up over half of leukocytes

105
Q

what forms the myelin sheath

A

oligodendricotyes and shwann cells

106
Q

basophils vs mast cells

A

circulate mature vs immature

107
Q

what do interferons activate

A

dendritic cells

108
Q

how do complement proteins activate inflamatory response

A

bind to mast cells for inc histamine release

109
Q

how does the cochlea work

A

transduction of mechanical to neuronal signals

110
Q

what functions at low levels of light

A

rods

111
Q

myosin binds to actin forming a

A

cross bridge

112
Q

largest endocrine gland

A

thyroid

113
Q

what does T3 negatively feedback on

A

TSH

114
Q
A
115
Q

hypo and hyperthyroidism

A

under and over secretion of T3 and T4

116
Q

what does GnRH release

A

LH and FSH

117
Q

what does CRH release

A

ACTH which releases adrenal cortex hormones

118
Q

what does renin activate

A

sympathetic NS

119
Q

what does alcohol inhibit

A

ADH

120
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine and nore

121
Q
A
122
Q

T3 and T3 are what soluble

A

lipid

122
Q

what kind of hormones do GPCRs work with

A

peptide

122
Q

nore and e are what soluble

A

water

123
Q

which hormones lead to direct stimualtion

A

lipid but its gradual long term changes

124
Q

whats connected to hyp via hypophyseal portal syst

A

anterior pit

125
Q

what maintains the corpus luteum

A

FSH and LH

126
Q

what is the zona pellucida made of

A

glycoproteins

127
Q

formation of trilaminar embryo

A

gastrulation

128
Q

mosaic is determinate or indeterminate

A

determinate

129
Q

regulatirve is determinate or indeterminate

A

indeterminate

130
Q

temporary endocrine structure

A

corpus luteum

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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