extra 5 Flashcards
stratum basale
It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane and is where Merkel cells (light touch sensation) and melanocytes (melanin synthesis) reside.
genetic drift
can either increase or decrease fitness- it is random
does crossing over occur in mitosis
no
ACTH
released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates release of glucocorticoids like cortisol from adrenal gland
nucleosome
section of DNA wrapped around histones
what is put together of ribosomes in the nucleolus
After synthesis, rRNA is combined with ribosomal proteins to form ribosome subunits (60S and 40S) within the nucleolus. These subunits are then exported to the cytoplasm, where they assemble to form a functional eukaryotic ribosome (80S).
what part of the brain is important is motor control
frontal lobe and cerebellum
notochord is repalced by
the vertebral column (i.e., spine bones) in vertebrates.
epiphyseal growth plate
The epiphyseal growth plate consists of a layer of cartilage present during growth (i.e., birth to the end of puberty). Here, the cartilage lengthens in response to growth factors.
The cartilage matrix then ossifies (becomes bone) as the cartilage is calcified and replaced with bone tissue. This growth adds to the length of the bone.
contains yellow bone marrow
The medullary cavity is the internal part of the diaphysis. It contains yellow bone marrow, which functions primarily to store fat.
what does the periosteum cover
cortical bone
metaphysis
between diaphysis and epiphysis
The metaphysis is similar in structure to the epiphysis; it is found between the medullary cavity and the epiphyseal plate.
between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate
diaphysis
The diaphysis of a long bone is the long, hollow shaft between the epiphyses. Growth from the epiphyseal plate extends the diaphysis, but growth does not originate here.
Diaphysis is the term for the shaft of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow in adults. Yellow bone marrow is responsible for the production of fat and bone, as well as fat storage.
what are the products of light dependent reactions
O2, NADPH, and ATP.
is when the second offspring generation (F2) has reduced fitness compared to the parental generation.
F2 breakdown
F1 breakdown
The term “F1 breakdown” is usually represented by more specific terms, such as hybrid sterility or zygote inviability. These are all postzygotic barriers that occur after zygote formation.
what do fertilizers lead to an increase of
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
what do algal blooms result in
decrease in oxygen harming aerobic organisms
destablizing food webs
disrupting the favoured genetic alleles and favouring variants and leading to a reduction in genetic equilibrium
When bone resorption occurs
hydroxyapatite is broken down, releasing calcium and phosphate into the blood and ultimately increasing circulating calcium and phosphate levels
what are pseudopodia a characteristic feature of
amoebas
unicellular euk - protozoa- animal like. protists
alcohol fermentation
However, in the absence of oxygen, yeast will undergo alcohol (ethanol) fermentation. In alcohol fermentation, the two pyruvates from glycolysis are decarboxylated to produce two acetaldehydes, which are then reduced by NADH to produce two molecules of ethanol. Acetaldehyde acts as the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation. In this process, NADH is oxidized back to NAD+. This ensures that a sufficient supply of NAD+ is available for glycolysis to continue, allowing the cell to keep producing ATP.
yeast conduct glycolysis in
both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Yeast cells consume, not produce, glucose in either environment because glucose is the starting reactant for cellular respiration.
glucose regulation of the lac operon
Catabolite activator protein (CAP) is an activator of the lac operon that is turned on by cAMP.
When glucose levels are high, cAMP levels are low because these two are inversely related. Low levels of cAMP reduce CAP activation. As a result, the lac operon is not fully activated, leading to low levels of transcription.
When glucose levels are low and cAMP levels are high, the cAMP-CAP complex binds to the CAP promoter site. This promotes transcription if the operon is not repressed.
what stimulates cck release
fats
Cholecystokinin is a hormone that signals the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic lipase. It also decreases the motility of the stomach to provide more time for the duodenum to digest fat.