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DAT BIOLOGY > ch 1- molecules and fundamentals of biology > Flashcards

ch 1- molecules and fundamentals of biology Flashcards

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1
Q

the smallest unit of matter that stil retains the chemical properties of the element

A

atom

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2
Q

pure substances with specific chemical and physcal propertiesthat cannot be broken down into a simpler substance

A

element

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3
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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4
Q

forces that affect physical properties of a substance

A

intermolecular

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5
Q

uses of carbs

A

structural supportwh

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6
Q

what elements are in carbs

A

carbon
hydrogen
ocygen

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7
Q

monosaccharide rings

A

a and B sugar

a- OH on either side of -O- are on SAME SIDE
B- OH on either side of -O- are on OPPOSITE SIDES

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8
Q

ribose

A

5 carbon monosacharide

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9
Q

fructose

A

6 carbons

monosaccharide
glucose structural isomer

both hexose

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10
Q

what are disaccharides connected by

A

a glycosidic bond/ covalent bond

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11
Q

sucrose

A

disaccharide

glucose and fructose

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12
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide

galactose and glucose

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13
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide

glucose and glucose

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14
Q

function of starch

A

energy storage for plants

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15
Q

form of starch

A

a bonded polysaccharide

linear (amylose) and branched form (amylopectin)

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16
Q

glycogen structure and function

A

energy storage in animals

a bonded polysaccharide

MUCH MORE BRANCHING THAN STARCH

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17
Q

what differs branched polysaccharides from linear ones

A

branched has a-1,6 and 1,4 glycosydic bonds while linear only has a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

how is glucose stored long term

A

as glycogen in the muscles and liver

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19
Q

chitin

A

polysacharide that is parallel structure

B1,4 glycosydic bond

N containing groups replace one of the cellulose OH groups

polymer of N acetyl glucosamine

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20
Q

cellulose

A

a-1,4

srong H bonds

glucose monomers

parallel structure

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21
Q

what atoms are in proteins

A

carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen

CHON

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22
Q

proteome

A

all proteins ecrpressed by ONE TYPE OF CELL under CERTAIN CONDITIONS

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23
Q

what are the monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

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24
Q

what joins two amino acids

A

peptide bonds

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25
Q

conjugated proteins

A

amino acids and non protein components

metalloproteins
glycoproteins

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26
Q

metalloproteisn

A

conjugated protein

ex hemoglobin

contain metal ion cofactor

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27
Q

glycoprotein

A

conjugated protein

contains carbohydrate group

ex, mucin

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28
Q

primary structure of proteins

A

amino acids and peptide bonds

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29
Q

secondary structure proteins

A

IM forces bw protein backbone NOT R GROUP

Hydrogen bonding

a helices and B sheets

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30
Q

tertiary structure proteins

A

interactions between R groups (H bond, ionic, disulfide)

3D

hydrophobic interactions

disulfide bonds (covalent interactions bw cysteines)

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31
Q

quaternary structure protein

A

multiple polypeptide chains

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32
Q

what remains after protein denaturation

A

loss of structure and higher order

only primary structure unaffected

SOME CAN REVERSE

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33
Q

what causes denturation

A

high or low temps
salt concentrations
pH changes

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34
Q

transition state

A

unstable conformatino

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35
Q

catalysts

A

reduce the energy of transition state and actiation energy of reactions

DONT SHIFT CHEMICAL REACTION OR AFFECT SPONTENAITY

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36
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts

work by induced fit
conformational changes bringing reactants closer
acidic or basic groups
electrostatic attractions bc enyme and substrate

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37
Q

what substances are enzymes

A

most are proteins,

ribozymes are made from RNA not proteins but theyre enzymes

38
Q

what does the specificity constant measure

A

how efficeint an enzyme is to binding to a substrate

39
Q

induced fit theory vs lock and key thoery

A

induced fit is right
lock and key is outdated

40
Q

cofactor

A

non protein molecule that helps enzymes

inorganic cofactors- metal ions
organic cofactors- vitamins

41
Q

coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

ex, vitamins

42
Q

holo vs apoenzyme

A

holoenzyme- bound to cofactor

apoenzyme- enzymes NOT bound to cofactors

43
Q

prosthetic group

A

cofactors tightly or covalently bound to enzymes

44
Q

phosphatase

A

cleaves phosphate groups off a substrate molecule

45
Q

phosphorylase

A

directly adds phosphate group by brakig bonds within substrate molecule

46
Q

kinase

A

indirectly adds a phosphate groups

transfers phosphate group from ATP molecule

DO NOT BREAK BONDS to add phosphate

47
Q

what does an enzyme kinetics plot visualize

x and y axis

A

how inhibitors affect enzymes

x- substrate conc
y- reaction rate/ velocity

48
Q

Km

A

substrate conc that recation velocity is 50% of Vmax

49
Q

competitive inhibition

A

Km inc
V max stays same

50
Q

non competitive inhibition

A

V max dec
Km stays the same

51
Q

what atoms are in lipids

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

52
Q

glycerol backbone

A

threee carbons and three hydroxyl groups

53
Q

what connects the glycerol backbone and three fatty acid

A

ester linkages

54
Q

phospholipid structure

A

glycerol backbone
one phosphate group (polar) `
two fatty acid tails

55
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids

56
Q

what is cholesterol a precursor for

A

steroid hormones- four rings made from cholesterol

vitamin D

bileq

57
Q

where is cholesterol found

A

lipid membranes

58
Q

temp and membrane fliuidity

A

high temp inc fluidity

low temp dec it

59
Q

cholesterol and fluidity of membranes

A

keeps membranes tog at high temp and separated at low temp

60
Q

low density lipoprotieins protein content

A

low protein conent

61
Q

LDL function

A

cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissue

62
Q

HDL function

A

cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver

63
Q

waxes

A

lipids with long FA chains

connected to monohydroxyl alcohols

through ester linkages

64
Q

cartenoids

A

lipid derivative

long chain

conjugated double bonds

six membered rings at each end

pigments

65
Q

sphignolipids

A

have backbone with aliphatic amino alcohols

structural support
signal transduction
cell recognition

66
Q

aliphatic meaning

A

non aromatic

67
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with a carb group replacing phosphate

in membrane of cells

amphipathic

68
Q

atoms in nucleic cids

A

CHONP

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

69
Q

nucleoside

A

5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base

70
Q

nucleotide

A

5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

71
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA- H at 2’ carbon and OH at 3’

RNA- OH group at 2’ and 3’ group

72
Q

purines

A

two rings
adenine
guanine

73
Q

pyrimidines

A

one ring
thymine
uracil
cytosine

74
Q

what connects two nucleotides tog

A

phosphodiester bonds

phosphate of 5’ carbon and OH of 3’ carbon

75
Q

A and T H bonds

A

2

76
Q

G and C H bonds

A

3

77
Q

miRNA

A

small RNA that silences gene expressionb by base pairing to complementary sequesnces on mRNA

78
Q

rRNA where is it formed

A

nucleolus

helps ribosomes translate mrNA

79
Q

dsRNA

A

some viruses carry genetic code in this

must have equal amounts of A/U and G/C

80
Q

how old is the universe

A

approx 13.8 billion years old

81
Q

when did first cells appear on earth

A

3.5 billion years ago

82
Q

primordial earth

A
  • first atmosphere- inorganic compounds- reducing enviroment- little 02
  • earth cooled- gasses condensed- primordial sea formed
  • simple compounds -> more complex organic compounds
  • monomers-> polymers

-probionts emerged (precursors to cells)

  • heterotroph obligate anaerobe prokaryotes emerged
  • autotroph prokaryotes emerged (cyanobacteria)- o2 accumulation
  • primitive euk emerged - endosymbiotic theory

-more complex euk emerged

83
Q

modern cell theory

A

all lifeforms have one or more cells

cell is basic structural, functional, and organizational unit of life

all cells from from other cells

genetic info is stored and passed odwn through DNA

an organisms activty is dependant on total actiivty of its cells

metabolism and biochemistry occcur within cells

all cells have same chemical composition within organisms of similar species

84
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

info is passed from DNA to RNA to proteins

can interconvert bw DNA +DNA, RNA+ RNA, from RNA to DNA and proteins to proteins (prions)

reverse transcriptase is an exception and so are prions

85
Q

RNA world hypotheiss

A

early life forms relied on self replicating RNA to store genetic info and catalyze chemical reactions

DNA is more stable so replaced in genetic storing and Proteins replaced the catalytic function

86
Q

what does peri mean

A

around

87
Q

bast meaning

A

formative cell

88
Q

plasia meaning

A

development/ formation

89
Q

scopy meaning

A

examination/ inspection

90
Q

stasis meaning

A

stopping

91
Q

trophy meaning

A

growth

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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