extra 3 Flashcards
what hormone prevents corpus luteum from degenerating
Human chrionic gonadotropin
what secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
serceted by the outer layer of the placenta
what are thrombocytes
platelets
what do platelets activate
denritic cells
macrophgaes
neutrohpils
Mnemonic: To remember the leukocytes from highest to lowest quantity in the blood, use the phrase:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes/Macrophages > Eosinophils > Basophils
what are ribosomes
not organelles, not membrane bound
archaentron
hollow cavity in the middle of the mass of cells formed in the blastopore
it becomes the digestive tract
what does the blastopore develop into for protosomes
mouth
what does the blastopore develop into for deuterostomes
anus
what phyla are not considered protostomes or deuterostomes
porifera and cnidaria
whaat are reverese transcriptase
retroviruses
CRISPR
CRISPR is an adaptive immune system mechanism that defends bacteria against infections. CRISPR specifically targets and cuts foreign DNA sequences, protecting the bacterial cell. It is a system used to degrade incoming DNA,
calde
A clade (i.e., monophyletic group) is a cluster on a phylogenetic tree that includes an ancestor and all of the descendants from that ancestor. A clade can be as big as the entire tree or as small as a branch at the tip of the tree.
outgroup
The outgroup is a distantly related group of organisms that diverges from the evolutionary lineage earlier than the ingroup. Outgroups are species that diverged from all ingroup members before they diverged from each other. They are the preferred way to determine the root of a phylogenetic tree
light-independent reactions take place in
the chloroplast stroma
inorganic CO2 converted to glucose
light depended reactions
Photolysis (the splitting of water to form electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen) occurs within the thylakoid lumen during the light-dependent reactions
what occurs along the thylakoid membrane
The electron transport chain of the light-dependent reactions takes place along the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
A hemophiliac father and a carrier mother have a son who is a hemophiliac. If hemophilia is a sex-linked condition, what is the probability that their second son will be a hemophiliac?
When determining the probability of gene inheritance, it is important to know that past events do not influence future outcomes. The fact that the first son was a hemophiliac does not influence the outcome of the second son.
If a hemophiliac father (XhY) is crossed with a carrier mother (XHXh), their offspring will be XHXh, XhXh, XHY, and XhY, each at a 25% probability. In this case, two offspring possibilities have a Y chromosome, indicating they will be male.
Only one of the two possible male offspring has the hemophilia trait (Xh). Therefore, there is a 50% probability of XHY and a 50% probability of XhY. If the couple has a son, there is a 50% probability of the son having hemophilia.
how do pterophytes reproduce
via spores not seeds
what are the types of cells in phloem
sieve cells and companion cells
what are the types of cells in xylem
tracheids and vessel elements
tranport water and mineral s
what is an example of a homosporous plant
ferms
plieotropy
when one gene affects many traits.
many genes affect one trait.
polygenic inheritence
many genes affect one trait.
what are oak trees
angiosperms
what are pine trees
gymnosperms
what are grasses (bluegrass)
angiosperms
In seed-bearing vascular plants
the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte whereas in seedless tracheophytes, have independednt gametophyte and sporophyte stages
both the gametophyte and sporophyte are free-living, with each capable of independent growth and reproduction.
In seed-bearing vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), the gametophyte is reduced and dependent, living briefly within or close to the sporophyte structures
what produces CCK
When fat enters the duodenum of the small intestine, the duodenum produces the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
heme group of hemoglobin
broken down into bilirubin, which is then modified into bile.
genome annotation
Identifying the locations of genes and coding and noncoding regions in a genome.
Determining the function of the genes.
epigenetic modifacations
Epigenetic modifications affect gene expression and activity but do not modify the DNA sequence (genome).
hybridization
Hybridization occurs when two closely related species interbreed and can lead to the creation of a new species with a unique combination of genetic traits.
replication step of viral infection
Viral genome replicated and protein synthesized
Viral genes transcribed and translated, producing viral components
macroevolution
involves large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, resulting in the formation of new species and major changes in life forms. Macroevolution involves the evolution of life above the level of species, whereas the selection for cricket color occurred within a single species.
buffy coat
a small fraction of the total blood volume, contains platelets for clotting and white blood cells for immune activity.
main site of red blood cell destruction in the body.
spleen
how does the kidney regulate blood plasma
The kidney helps regulate blood plasma pH by secreting protons (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-). Bicarbonate acts as a buffer in the blood.
what secretes erythropoetin
kidneys
connective tissue
Connective tissue proper includes loose, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues.
Adipose, also known as body fat, is a connective tissue.
Cartilage provides a flexible cushion for certain areas in the body, including the joints and vertebrae, as well as the pinna of the ear.
Bones are hard connective tissues that support the body’s shape and are sites for muscle insertion.
Blood is a connective tissue that connects body systems, providing nutrients and removing wastes from other tissues.
what are the types of tissues
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
steps of clotting cascade
Tissue damage tears blood vessel walls, exposing collagen within the walls.
Exposed collagen causes platelet activation. Platelets adhere and aggregate in the area of damage, forming the platelet plug.
Activated platelets release thromboplastin, which converts prothrombin into thrombin.
Activated thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which attaches to platelets to form a blood clot.
thromboplastin
converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin. The aggregation of activated fibrin forms an insoluble blood clot. The breakdown of thromboplastin would inhibit the clotting cascade, rather than initiating it.
erythrocyte fragmentation
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) fragmentation occurs when erythrocytes are exposed to mechanical stresses or pathologies involving blood flow. Erythrocyte fragmentation is not a trigger of the clotting cascade.
what contains both biotic and abiotic components
ecosystems
is defined as all the organisms in an ecological community (biotic) and the abiotic factors interacting with them.
ecological community
An ecological community comprises all living (biotic) populations in a given area.
population
A population is all living (biotic) individuals of a specific species within a specific location.
kinesins
motor proteins that utilize ATP to transport cellular material (such as proteins and membrane components) along microtubules. Kinesins play key roles in mitosis, meiosis, and the trafficking of organelles and vesicles
cytoplasmic streaming
Actin subunits come together to form microfilaments that produce intracellular movement via cyclosis (also known as cytoplasmic streaming, it is the movement of the cytoplasm within a cell).
what is keratin
type of intermediate fillament
integrin
Integrin is a protein that functions in extracellular membrane adhesion and cellular responses to the extracellular environment.
what are probionts
precursors to cells
example of glycoprotein
mucin
early life forms relied on
self replicating rNA to store genetic information and to act as catalysts
what does PCR use
taq polymerase E
how do we track proteins in a pulse chase experiment
simple staining of radioactively labelled amino acids
what uses counting chambers
hemcytometers
what resutsl in blunt ends
endonucleases
what results in sicky ends
endo and exonucleases
dichroic filter
used in flouresence microscopy that allows certain wavelengths through and reflects others
leads to distortions or artifacts
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
automaticity
found in heart cells that are self excitable without the need of an external nerve
what has the greatest automaticity in the heart
the SA node which signals both atria to contrac and to the AV node
what experiences the highest blood pressure
the aorta
blood volume in veins vs arteries
higher in veins
what has the lowest blood pressure
VEINS not venules
bone marrow cells
megakaryocytes
what makes up less than 1% of blood volume
platelts and leukocytes
what makes up 55% of our blood
plasma
what makes up 45% of our blood
RBCs
what part the fetus is filled w fluid in the womb
the lung and liver
how does an rh- mother react to an rh+ kid the second time
bc she had antibodies made against the first kid and antibodids are small enough to cross the placental barrier
what are the components of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
adenoids (lymphatic tissue)
spleen
thymus
what produces immune cells
lymphatic system
whats absorbed by the lymphatic vessels
bacteria
intersticial fluid
fats
proteins
what releases interleukins
CD4+ T CELLS
What do interleukins do
boost innate and adaptive immunity
attract innate immune cells and increased proliferation of T and B cells
where do antibodies circulate
in blood and lymph
what is the most abundant antibody in the circulation
igG
complement and inflamatory response
binds to mast cells to increased histamine release
TCR and BCR
both undergo clonal selection and both are unique to the antibodies they bind
where is IgE found
ON mast cells and basophils
first part of the inflamatory response known as
rally signalling
