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DAT BIOLOGY > extra 3 > Flashcards

extra 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what hormone prevents corpus luteum from degenerating

A

Human chrionic gonadotropin

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2
Q

what secretes human chorionic gonadotropin

A

serceted by the outer layer of the placenta

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3
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

platelets

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4
Q

what do platelets activate

A

denritic cells
macrophgaes
neutrohpils

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5
Q

Mnemonic: To remember the leukocytes from highest to lowest quantity in the blood, use the phrase:

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes/Macrophages > Eosinophils > Basophils

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6
Q

what are ribosomes

A

not organelles, not membrane bound

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7
Q

archaentron

A

hollow cavity in the middle of the mass of cells formed in the blastopore

it becomes the digestive tract

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8
Q

what does the blastopore develop into for protosomes

A

mouth

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9
Q

what does the blastopore develop into for deuterostomes

A

anus

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10
Q

what phyla are not considered protostomes or deuterostomes

A

porifera and cnidaria

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11
Q

whaat are reverese transcriptase

A

retroviruses

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12
Q

CRISPR

A

CRISPR is an adaptive immune system mechanism that defends bacteria against infections. CRISPR specifically targets and cuts foreign DNA sequences, protecting the bacterial cell. It is a system used to degrade incoming DNA,

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13
Q

calde

A

A clade (i.e., monophyletic group) is a cluster on a phylogenetic tree that includes an ancestor and all of the descendants from that ancestor. A clade can be as big as the entire tree or as small as a branch at the tip of the tree.

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14
Q

outgroup

A

The outgroup is a distantly related group of organisms that diverges from the evolutionary lineage earlier than the ingroup. Outgroups are species that diverged from all ingroup members before they diverged from each other. They are the preferred way to determine the root of a phylogenetic tree

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15
Q

light-independent reactions take place in

A

the chloroplast stroma

inorganic CO2 converted to glucose

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16
Q

light depended reactions

A

Photolysis (the splitting of water to form electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen) occurs within the thylakoid lumen during the light-dependent reactions

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17
Q

what occurs along the thylakoid membrane

A

The electron transport chain of the light-dependent reactions takes place along the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.

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18
Q

A hemophiliac father and a carrier mother have a son who is a hemophiliac. If hemophilia is a sex-linked condition, what is the probability that their second son will be a hemophiliac?

A

When determining the probability of gene inheritance, it is important to know that past events do not influence future outcomes. The fact that the first son was a hemophiliac does not influence the outcome of the second son.

If a hemophiliac father (XhY) is crossed with a carrier mother (XHXh), their offspring will be XHXh, XhXh, XHY, and XhY, each at a 25% probability. In this case, two offspring possibilities have a Y chromosome, indicating they will be male.

Only one of the two possible male offspring has the hemophilia trait (Xh). Therefore, there is a 50% probability of XHY and a 50% probability of XhY. If the couple has a son, there is a 50% probability of the son having hemophilia.

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19
Q

how do pterophytes reproduce

A

via spores not seeds

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20
Q

what are the types of cells in phloem

A

sieve cells and companion cells

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21
Q

what are the types of cells in xylem

A

tracheids and vessel elements

tranport water and mineral s

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22
Q

what is an example of a homosporous plant

A

ferms

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23
Q

plieotropy

A

when one gene affects many traits.

many genes affect one trait.

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24
Q

polygenic inheritence

A

many genes affect one trait.

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25
Q

what are oak trees

A

angiosperms

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26
Q

what are pine trees

A

gymnosperms

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27
Q

what are grasses (bluegrass)

A

angiosperms

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28
Q

In seed-bearing vascular plants

A

the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte whereas in seedless tracheophytes, have independednt gametophyte and sporophyte stages

both the gametophyte and sporophyte are free-living, with each capable of independent growth and reproduction.

In seed-bearing vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), the gametophyte is reduced and dependent, living briefly within or close to the sporophyte structures

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29
Q

what produces CCK

A

When fat enters the duodenum of the small intestine, the duodenum produces the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).

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30
Q

heme group of hemoglobin

A

broken down into bilirubin, which is then modified into bile.

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31
Q

genome annotation

A

Identifying the locations of genes and coding and noncoding regions in a genome.
Determining the function of the genes.

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32
Q

epigenetic modifacations

A

Epigenetic modifications affect gene expression and activity but do not modify the DNA sequence (genome).

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33
Q

hybridization

A

Hybridization occurs when two closely related species interbreed and can lead to the creation of a new species with a unique combination of genetic traits.

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34
Q

replication step of viral infection

A

Viral genome replicated and protein synthesized
Viral genes transcribed and translated, producing viral components

35
Q

macroevolution

A

involves large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, resulting in the formation of new species and major changes in life forms. Macroevolution involves the evolution of life above the level of species, whereas the selection for cricket color occurred within a single species.

36
Q

buffy coat

A

a small fraction of the total blood volume, contains platelets for clotting and white blood cells for immune activity.

37
Q

main site of red blood cell destruction in the body.

A

spleen

38
Q

how does the kidney regulate blood plasma

A

The kidney helps regulate blood plasma pH by secreting protons (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-). Bicarbonate acts as a buffer in the blood.

39
Q

what secretes erythropoetin

A

kidneys

40
Q

connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper includes loose, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues.

Adipose, also known as body fat, is a connective tissue.

Cartilage provides a flexible cushion for certain areas in the body, including the joints and vertebrae, as well as the pinna of the ear.

Bones are hard connective tissues that support the body’s shape and are sites for muscle insertion.

Blood is a connective tissue that connects body systems, providing nutrients and removing wastes from other tissues.

41
Q

what are the types of tissues

A

connective tissue

epithelial tissue

nervous tissue

muscle tissue

42
Q

steps of clotting cascade

A

Tissue damage tears blood vessel walls, exposing collagen within the walls.
Exposed collagen causes platelet activation. Platelets adhere and aggregate in the area of damage, forming the platelet plug.
Activated platelets release thromboplastin, which converts prothrombin into thrombin.
Activated thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which attaches to platelets to form a blood clot.

43
Q

thromboplastin

A

converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin. The aggregation of activated fibrin forms an insoluble blood clot. The breakdown of thromboplastin would inhibit the clotting cascade, rather than initiating it.

44
Q

erythrocyte fragmentation

A

Erythrocyte (red blood cell) fragmentation occurs when erythrocytes are exposed to mechanical stresses or pathologies involving blood flow. Erythrocyte fragmentation is not a trigger of the clotting cascade.

45
Q

what contains both biotic and abiotic components

A

ecosystems

is defined as all the organisms in an ecological community (biotic) and the abiotic factors interacting with them.

46
Q

ecological community

A

An ecological community comprises all living (biotic) populations in a given area.

47
Q

population

A

A population is all living (biotic) individuals of a specific species within a specific location.

48
Q

kinesins

A

motor proteins that utilize ATP to transport cellular material (such as proteins and membrane components) along microtubules. Kinesins play key roles in mitosis, meiosis, and the trafficking of organelles and vesicles

49
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

Actin subunits come together to form microfilaments that produce intracellular movement via cyclosis (also known as cytoplasmic streaming, it is the movement of the cytoplasm within a cell).

50
Q

what is keratin

A

type of intermediate fillament

51
Q

integrin

A

Integrin is a protein that functions in extracellular membrane adhesion and cellular responses to the extracellular environment.

52
Q

what are probionts

A

precursors to cells

53
Q

example of glycoprotein

A

mucin

54
Q

early life forms relied on

A

self replicating rNA to store genetic information and to act as catalysts

55
Q

what does PCR use

A

taq polymerase E

56
Q

how do we track proteins in a pulse chase experiment

A

simple staining of radioactively labelled amino acids

57
Q

what uses counting chambers

A

hemcytometers

58
Q

what resutsl in blunt ends

A

endonucleases

59
Q

what results in sicky ends

A

endo and exonucleases

60
Q

dichroic filter

A

used in flouresence microscopy that allows certain wavelengths through and reflects others

leads to distortions or artifacts

61
Q

valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

62
Q

automaticity

A

found in heart cells that are self excitable without the need of an external nerve

63
Q

what has the greatest automaticity in the heart

A

the SA node which signals both atria to contrac and to the AV node

64
Q

what experiences the highest blood pressure

A

the aorta

65
Q

blood volume in veins vs arteries

A

higher in veins

66
Q

what has the lowest blood pressure

A

VEINS not venules

67
Q

bone marrow cells

A

megakaryocytes

68
Q

what makes up less than 1% of blood volume

A

platelts and leukocytes

69
Q

what makes up 55% of our blood

A

plasma

70
Q

what makes up 45% of our blood

A

RBCs

71
Q

what part the fetus is filled w fluid in the womb

A

the lung and liver

72
Q

how does an rh- mother react to an rh+ kid the second time

A

bc she had antibodies made against the first kid and antibodids are small enough to cross the placental barrier

73
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes
lymph vessels
adenoids (lymphatic tissue)
spleen
thymus

74
Q

what produces immune cells

A

lymphatic system

75
Q

whats absorbed by the lymphatic vessels

A

bacteria
intersticial fluid
fats
proteins

76
Q

what releases interleukins

A

CD4+ T CELLS

77
Q

What do interleukins do

A

boost innate and adaptive immunity

attract innate immune cells and increased proliferation of T and B cells

78
Q

where do antibodies circulate

A

in blood and lymph

79
Q

what is the most abundant antibody in the circulation

A

igG

80
Q

complement and inflamatory response

A

binds to mast cells to increased histamine release

81
Q

TCR and BCR

A

both undergo clonal selection and both are unique to the antibodies they bind

82
Q

where is IgE found

A

ON mast cells and basophils

83
Q

first part of the inflamatory response known as

A

rally signalling

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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