ch 9- diversity of life Flashcards
largest classification of life
domain
what are the domains
eukarya
bacteria
archaea
bacteria and archaea kingdom
monera
both dont have membrane bound organelles
what are the six kingdoms
archaea
eubacteria
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
diplo
grow in pairs
staph
grow in grape like clusters
strep
grow in a chain
bacillus
rod shaped
steroids
only found in eykaryotes membranes not in prokaryotes
eubacteria vs archaea cell wall
archaea- lack peptidoglycan
ETHER linkages
eubacteria- contain peptidoglycan
ESTER linkages
ribosome of eubacteria vs archaea
both 70s
DNA organization of eubacteria vs archaea
arcahea- circular with introns and histones
eubacteria- circular NO INTRONS OR HISTONES
gram positive structure
+ve- thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall
- minor periplasm
-no LPS
-exotoxins
-teichooic acids - polysaccharide connnecting peptidoglycan layer with plasma membrane
gram positive and negative colour
postitive- dark purple
negative- pink
gram negative structure
-ve- thin peptidoglycan layer and second outer membrane
both covered by capsule- virulence factor preventing drying out
- periplasm
-LPS
-exotoxins
-no teichoic acids
what is LPS
endotoxin released when bacteria is destroyed
size of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prok- 1um
euk- 10-100 um
what eukaryotes have cell walls
plants
fungi
some protists
prokaryotes have cell walls
cell wall of arcahea
polysaccharides
telomeres and ceontromere on chromosomes of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prokaryotes dont have telomeres or centromeres
eukaryotes do
origins of DNA replication prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
arachea- many
euk- many
bact- one
post transcriptional modification prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prok- none
euk- yes
krebs cycle loaction prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prok- cytosol
euk- mitochondrial matrix
glycolysis location prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prok- cytosol
euk- cytosol
pyruvate oxidation prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prok- cytosol
euk- mitochondrial matrix
protists
kingdom of mostly unicellular euk organisms
fungus like protists
plant like protists
animal lik eprotists
fungus like protists
-Unlike fungi, no cell wall made of chitin.
-Can move via cilia or flagella (e.g.,
slime molds).
-Are saprophytic and feed via
phagocytosis.
-Reproduce via asexual reproduction
and sporulation (resist environmental conditions).
plant like protists
Among the most important primary producers. Algae encompasses a large variety of plant-like protists due to having chloroplasts and photosynthetic ability.
-diatoms and euglenoids
- Dinoflagellates
diatoms and euglenoids
Diatoms, and euglenoids are unicellular,
photosynthetic autotrophs that reproduce
asexually and are found in aquatic
environments.
Dinoflagellates
Responsible for red tide
(toxins build up, O2 in water is depleted), have two flagella (find food in absence of light), and are heterotrophic (parasitic).
animal like protists
Known as protozoa, have food vacuoles. Include amoeba and paramecium. Heterotrophic (move via flagella and cilia) and are often parasitic pathogens.
fungi
heterotrophic saprophytes that have a
predominantly haploid life cycle.
non filamentous
filamentous
non filamentous fungi
(e.g., yeast) are unicellular,
reproduce asexually by budding, and are
facultative anaerobes.
filamentous fungi
(e.g., molds) are multicellular,
multinucleate (form hyphae), reproduce sexually, and are aerobic.
hyphae
long branching filaments forming network of fungi called mycelium
septate hyphae- septa dividing hyphae or coenocytic hypae (long multinucleated cell with no cytokenesis)
fungi under favourable conditions
Under favorable environments, fungi reproduce
asexually by producing a CONIDIA, a haploid
spore-producing structure which produces haploid
spores that grow via mitosis. Additionally, fungi have
the ability to reproduce via regeneration.
fungi under un-favourable conditions
In unfavorable environments, fungi reproduce
sexually-producing genetically different offspring with
greater chance of survival. Two hyphae fuse their
cytoplasm (plasmogamy) to create a single fused cell
with two haploid pronuclei which fuse (karyogamy)
to produce a single diploid cell. The diploid cell
produces a spore-producing structure that produces
spores via meiosis.
lichens
synbiotic autotrophs
fungus paired with algae or cyanobacteria
-fungus protects and provides water for cyanobacteria/algae and the cyanobact/algae photosynth
animals
euk
diploid
multicellular
heterotrophic
aerobes
coelomates vs acoelomates
Animals can be distinguished based on the presence
of a coelom (cavity). In coelomates, mesoderm
surrounds the coelom on all sides, whereas in
acoelomates it does not.
pseudocoelomates
coelom is partially surrounded by mesoderm
The pseudocoelom is a
hydroskeleton (fluid pressure providing structural
support) that helps with motility.
animal phyla and mneumonic
porifera
cnidaria
acoeloamate:
platyhelminthes
pseudocoelomates:
nematoda
rotifera
(coelomates)
annelidia
mollusca
arthopoda
echinodermata
chordata
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coelomates classification
Coelomates can be further divided into
schizocoelomates (coelom forms through separation
of mesodermal cells) or enterocoelomates (coelom
forms through the out-pocketing of the embryonic gut (archenteron)
into the mesodermal space).
what animals are schiocoelomates
Protostomes are usually
schizocoelomates; however, some deuterostomes can
also exhibit schizocoely.
here, the coelom begins and splits within the mesoderm
schizocoelomates vs enterocoelomates cleavage
schizo- holoblastic, spiral, determinant
enterocoelmoates- radial, indeterminate
what has segmented bodies
annelidia
arthropoda
chordata
porifera example
sponge
