ch 11.9- excretory system

Question 1

excretion

Answer 1

is the filtering out of metabolic wastes from
the body’s fluids and eliminating them as urine.

Question 2

functions of the kidney

Answer 2

● Regulation of blood pressure
● Regulation of blood pH
● Stimulates the generation of new red blood cells

Question 3

what are the main processes of the nephron

Answer 3

filtration- filtration of stuff from blood (glomerulus) to bowmans capsule
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 4

renal corpuscle

Answer 4

comprises the glomerulus and
Bowman’s capsule and is located in the renal cortex.

Question 5

what happens in the glomerulus

Answer 5

glomerulus, filtration occurs. Blood enters
from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus, which
acts as a sieve, allowing small substances into the
Bowman’s capsule. Hydrostatic pressure from the
blood is the main force driving filtration in Bowman’s
capsule. The glomerulus exits the Bowman’s capsule
via the efferent arteriole, which forms the peritubular
capillaries and the vasa recta.

Question 6

where does most of reabsorption occur

Answer 6

in the proximal convoluted tubule through ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 7

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 7

reabsorbs Na+
and Cl-

Question 8

what does the nephron absorb

Answer 8

Glucose and amino acids are two molecules the
nephron reabsorbs almost completely due to their
importance in the body.

Question 9

loop of henle

Answer 9

The loop of Henle descends into the medulla and
exhibits selective permeability at each limb. Urea,
waste products, and drugs are secreted into the
nephron by active and passive transport. Surrounding
the loop of Henle is the vasa recta, a network of
capillaries that runs parallel to it.

Question 10

descending limb of loop of henle

Answer 10

permeable to water. Water is
reabsorbed into the blood as the filtrate travels down
the descending limb, becoming more concentrated.

Question 11

ascending limb of loop of henle

Answer 11

impermeable to water. As the
filtrate travels up the ascending limb, solutes are
reabsorbed, and the filtrate becomes less
concentrated.

Question 12

the longer the loop of henle

Answer 12

the more concentrated urine will be

Question 13

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 13

From the loop of Henle, the filtrate goes to the distal
convoluted tubule. Na+
and Cl-
are reabsorbed

here, with water following passively.

Question 14

collecting duct

Answer 14

where water passively moves out and concentrates
the urine. The urine travels to the renal pelvis and
then to the ureter.

Question 15

RAAS

Answer 15

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 16

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 16

release renin when blood
pressure is low.

Question 17

renin

Answer 17

is an enzyme which acts on angiotensinogen
to activate it to the form angiotensin I.

Question 18

ACE

Answer 18

Another enzyme called angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) acts on angiotensin I to convert it to
angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is the active hormone.

Question 19

angiotensin II

Answer 19

has many effects in the body to
increase blood pressure and volume, including:

● It stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland cortex.
● It increases Na+ reabsorption from the proximal tubule (water follows the salt).
● It is a systemic vasoconstrictor, causing vessels to constrict and thereby increasing total peripheral resistance (TPR).
● It increases thirst: drinking more increases liquid blood volume (and thus TPR).

Question 20

aldosterone

Answer 20

mineralocorticoid produced by the
adrenal cortex. It increases salt and water
reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal
tubules and collecting ducts.

Question 21

ADH

Answer 21

(aka ADH or vasopressin).
Released from the posterior pituitary upon
stimulation from the hypothalamus. Causes
aquaporins to insert into the collecting duct of the
nephron and increases water reabsorption.

Question 22

ANP

Answer 22

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by atrial cells in response to atrial distension by increased blood volume and pressure. ANP reduces blood volume and blood pressure. It accomplishes this by:
● Increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
which is the rate at which the kidneys filter blood.
● Decreasing sodium reabsorption
● Increasing sodium excretion
● Inhibiting renin and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 23

osmoregulation of marine/saltwater fish

Answer 23

are hypoosmotic to their
environment. They are less salty than the
surrounding saltwater. Therefore, they’re
constantly losing water to their environment. As a
result, marine fish:
● Constantly drink water
● Rarely urinate
● Secrete accumulated salts through their gills

Question 24

osmoregulation of freshwater fish

Answer 24

are hyperosmotic to their
environment. They are more salty than the
surrounding freshwater. Therefore, they’re
constantly absorbing too much water. As a result,
freshwater fish:
● Rarely drink water
● Constantly urinate
● Absorb salts through their gills

Question 25

is the collecting duct passive or active transport

Answer 25

passive

Question 26

vasopressin

Answer 26

also known as anti diuretic hormone

Question 27

what cells produce ANP

Answer 27

atrial cells

Question 28

where does blood enter the kidney

Answer 28

cortex in the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus

Question 29

where does filtrate exit the kidney

Answer 29

in the medulla through the collecting duct and renal pelvis

Question 30

what is secretion

Answer 30

flow of stuff from blood to kidney tubules

Question 31

single functional unit of the kidney

Answer 31

nephron

Question 32

podocytes

Answer 32

surround glomerulus to form fenestrations that allow small substances (water and solutes) to be filtered to bowmans capsule while larger substances (proteins and blood cells remain in blood)

Question 33

what connects the kidney to the bladder

Answer 33

the ureter

Question 34

what kind of things are secreted in the nephron

Answer 34

H+
K+
urea
waste products
drugs

Question 35

what kind of things are reabsorbed into the nephron

Answer 35

glucose
amino acids
salts
water
HCO3-
K+
Ca2+

Question 36

where does bulk passive reabsorption happen in the nephron

Answer 36

in the collecting duct

Question 37

what stimulates the kidney to release renin

Answer 37

low blood presure at the juxtaglomerular cells and activation of sympathetic nervous system

Question 38

what part of the kidney does angiotensin ii work on

Answer 38

proximal tubules to reabosorb salt and water follows

Question 39

where does aldosterone work in the kidney

Answer 39

in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increaes salt and water reabsorbption and incrase potassium secrtion

Question 40

what inhibits ADH

Answer 40

alcohol