ch 11.7- endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of hormones

A

peptide
steroid
amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

peptide hormones- how are they produced

A

produced in the rough ER and made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do peptide hormones work

A

bind to cell surface receptors bc they are water soluble and cant pass through membrane

indirect stimulation- signal transmitted thorugh ligand gated ion channels or intracellular secondary messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ligant gated ion channel

A

change shape upon binding to peptide hormones allowing ions to flow across the membrane of the cell

no second messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

second messenger systm

A

used for peptide hoomrones and allows for quick and immediate physiological changes

signal amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

seconadary messengers example

A

cAMP
IP3
DAG
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IP3/DAG pathway

A

Here, IP3 binds
to calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum,
triggering the activation and opening of these
calcium channels, releasing calcium ions into the
cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

GPCRs

A

are cell
surface receptors that can initiate a secondary
messenger response after binding to a peptide
hormone extracellularly. A G protein is coupled to
the receptor and dissociates into subunits after
activation. These subunits then act upon intracellular
second messengers to propagate the signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

steroid hormone synthesis

A

Produced in the smooth ER and made up
of a fused four-ring structure. All steroid hormones
are derived from cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones

A

All hormones produced by the adrenal
cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgenic steroids) and reproductive organs
(progesterone, testosterone, estrogen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do steroid hormones work

A

Lipid-soluble (lipophilic). Therefore, require a
protein carrier to travel through the bloodstream, but
can freely cross the cell membrane. Bind to receptors
either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus to form
hormone-receptor complexes that bind to DNA, and
influence gene transcription. This process is known as
direct stimulation. Steroid hormones cause slow and
gradual physiological changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

amino acid hormone synthesis

A

Produced in rough ER and cytosol.
Mainly derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amino acid hormone examples

A

All hormones produced by the adrenal
medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine, which
are water-soluble). Also includes charged amino-acid
derivatives T3 and T4 (lipid-soluble).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypothalamus function

A

coordinates the body’s internal
environment and maintains homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

posterior pituitary

A

It is a direct neuronal
extension of the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

● Antidiuretic hormone (ADH aka vasopressin):
Decreases urination by increasing water retention.
Targets nephrons, increasing the number of
aquaporins for water reuptake.
● Oxytocin: Causes uterine contractions during
child labor and the release of milk during
breastfeeding (mammary gland). Oxytocin also
plays an important role in facilitating maternal
behavior (drive to be a good parent).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anterior pituitary

A

Produces its own hormones. It
is connected to the hypothalamus through a
hypophyseal portal system, which allows for
quick diffusion of hormones through a portal
vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

● GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone):
Causes release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
● TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone): Causes
release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
● CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone):
Causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH).
● GRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone):
Causes release of growth hormone (GH).

20
Q

anterior pituiatry hormones

A

The anterior pituitary then produces its own
hormones, classified as tropic hormones and direct
hormones.

tropic hormones:
target other endocrine glands for
further hormone release.

direct hormones:
target organs directly for effects.

21
Q

anterior pituitary direct homrones

A

Prolactin
growth hormone

22
Q

anterior pituitary tropic hormones

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

23
Q

FSH

A

Follicle
growth (females) and sperm maturation (males) in the gonads.

Stimulates follicle growth in ovaries, which
results in the increased production of
progesterone and estrogen.

Stimulates sperm maturation.

24
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation,
corpus luteum formation (females), and
testosterone production (males) in the gonads.

During menstrual cycle, the LH surge causes
ovulation. This results in the formation of a
corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
and estrogen.

Triggers testosterone production by Leydig
cells.

25
ACTH
Stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland to fight stress. This also leads to an increase in glucose levels in the body.
26
TSH
Stimulates T3 and T4 production by the thyroid gland to increase metabolism.
27
prolactin
Stimulates mammary gland development and increases milk production after childbirth.
28
growth hormone
Stimulates body cells to grow and divide.
29
thyroid gland
largest endocrine organ and is located in front of the trachea. has three hormones
30
T3
Triiodothyronine a hormone of the thyroid gland Released in response to TSH and increases metabolism in the body. Has a negative feedback effect on TSH secretion.
31
T4
Thyroxine (T4): Performs the same actions as T3 above. However, T4 has one more iodine and gets converted into T3 upon cell uptake. It is much less potent than T3 but is more stable in the blood.
32
calcitonin
Secreted by parafollicular thyroid cells (C cells) to decrease blood calcium levels.
33
hypothyroidism
describes the under-secretion of T3 and T4, resulting in reduced levels of metabolism in the body.
34
hyperthyroidism
describes the over-secretion of T3 and T4, resulting in increased levels of metabolism in the body.
35
what does hypo and hyperthyroidism lead to
Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can lead to goiter (physical enlargement of the thyroid gland). Hypothyroidism causes over-secretion of TRH to compensate for low T3 and T4, enlarging the thyroid gland, while hyperthyroidism itself results from a hyperactive thyroid gland. A goiter is the irregular growth of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of a goiter.
36
parathyroid gland and PTH
The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels.
37
pancreas
The pancreas is a gland that contains exocrine and endocrine tissue. endocrine: secretes digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the small intestine.
38
endocrine tissue of the pancreas
The endocrine tissue (the islets of Langerhans) secretes glucagon and insulin. These two hormones are each secreted by a different cell type as listed below:
39
alpha cells
Secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels. Glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating the liver and fat tissue to release their glucose storages.
40
beta cells
Secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers glucose levels by stimulating the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to store glucose.
41
insulin
is a peptide hormone that triggers an increase in the number of glucose transporters embedded within the cell membrane. This increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and reduces blood glucose levels.
42
adrenal glands
Our body has two adrenal glands. Each adrenal gland has an outer cortex and an inner medulla. They mainly help the body deal with stress.
43
adrenal cortex functions
● Deals with longer term stress. ● Stimulated by secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. ● Releases steroid hormones. ● Produces glucocorticoids (i.e., cortisol) to raise blood glucose levels for immediate fuel during periods of long-term stress. However, this also lowers our immune response. ● Produces mineralocorticoids (i.e., aldosterone) to increase blood volume and blood pressure by raising reabsorption of Na+ . Water passively gets reabsorbed with Na+ due to osmosis. ● Produces a small amount of male sex hormones (androgens).
44
adrenal medulla
● Deals with short-term stress. ● Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. ● Releases amino-acid derived hormones. ● Produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to initiate “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate and the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Epinephrine can cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
45
LH and FSH
After stimulation by LH and FSH, the ovaries produce progesterone and estrogen, while the testes produce androgens such as testosterone.