extra 4 Flashcards
example of ovovivparious aminals
sharks
some snakes
and some amphibians
DNA microarray
A DNA microarray allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression levels of thousands of genes. It involves attaching DNA fragments onto a solid surface and hybridizing them with fluorescently labeled cDNA to detect gene activity.
SDS PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins according to size and charge.
western blot
Western blotting is a laboratory technique that visualizes target proteins in a sample via the following steps:
Separation of proteins by size via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
Transfer of denatured proteins to a membrane.
Marking the target protein using primary and secondary antibodies to visualize.
what synth vasopressin and oxytocin
the hypothalamus but the posterior pituitary stores it
delta cells
in the pancreas- sercete somatostatin that inhibits growth hormone
what hormones does the thyroid produce
T4
T3
and calcitonin
secondary messengers example
cAMP
cGMP
DAG
IP3
Ca2+
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)
secondary messengers used in signal transduction. DAG/IP3 binds to calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum. This triggers the activation and opening of these calcium channels, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol.
cAMP
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a secondary messenger used in signal transduction. In the cAMP-dependent pathway, activated G protein-coupled receptors lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP.
ca2+
Calcium ions are secondary messengers used in signal transduction. In signal transduction pathways, the smooth ER can be triggered to release intracellular calcium, which can directly cause a response in the cell or subsequently activate other molecules.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D increases blood calcium levels by stimulating increased calcium reuptake by the intestines. If vitamin D did not function properly, blood calcium levels would decrease, not increase.
osteoid
Osteoid is the organic part of the bone matrix, made up of proteins and collagen fibers. It is less mineralized than other bone components.
what releases calcitonin
parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
epigenetics
the study of cellular traits that are heritable to daughter cells, despite the fact that they do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. Environmental factors (e.g., diet) are not capable of altering the DNA sequence itself; rather, they influence epigenetics.
polygenetic inheritance phenotype
continuous variation of the one trait- example skin colour, hair and height
type 1 survivorship curve
K selected species like humans
stay near carrying capacity- more stable
type 2 survivorship curve
brids, small mammals, reptiles
type 3 survivorship curve
r selected species like insects and frogs
what does the pulmonary artery connect
pulmonary artery to aorta
what does the ductus venosus bypass
fetal liver by going from umbilical vein to inferiour vena cava
what kind of hormone is cortisol
steroid hormone
example of something ribozyme would catalyze
RNA splicing
If a zebra is 2n = 18 and a horse is 2n = 24, what is the genetic makeup of their hybrid offspring?
2n= 21