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extra 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

example of ovovivparious aminals

A

sharks
some snakes
and some amphibians

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2
Q

DNA microarray

A

A DNA microarray allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression levels of thousands of genes. It involves attaching DNA fragments onto a solid surface and hybridizing them with fluorescently labeled cDNA to detect gene activity.

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3
Q

SDS PAGE

A

SDS-PAGE is a type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins according to size and charge.

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4
Q

western blot

A

Western blotting is a laboratory technique that visualizes target proteins in a sample via the following steps:

Separation of proteins by size via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
Transfer of denatured proteins to a membrane.
Marking the target protein using primary and secondary antibodies to visualize.

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5
Q

what synth vasopressin and oxytocin

A

the hypothalamus but the posterior pituitary stores it

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6
Q

delta cells

A

in the pancreas- sercete somatostatin that inhibits growth hormone

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7
Q

what hormones does the thyroid produce

A

T4
T3
and calcitonin

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8
Q

secondary messengers example

A

cAMP
cGMP
DAG
IP3
Ca2+

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9
Q

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)

A

secondary messengers used in signal transduction. DAG/IP3 binds to calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum. This triggers the activation and opening of these calcium channels, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol.

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10
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a secondary messenger used in signal transduction. In the cAMP-dependent pathway, activated G protein-coupled receptors lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP.

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11
Q

ca2+

A

Calcium ions are secondary messengers used in signal transduction. In signal transduction pathways, the smooth ER can be triggered to release intracellular calcium, which can directly cause a response in the cell or subsequently activate other molecules.

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12
Q

Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D increases blood calcium levels by stimulating increased calcium reuptake by the intestines. If vitamin D did not function properly, blood calcium levels would decrease, not increase.

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13
Q

osteoid

A

Osteoid is the organic part of the bone matrix, made up of proteins and collagen fibers. It is less mineralized than other bone components.

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14
Q

what releases calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

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15
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of cellular traits that are heritable to daughter cells, despite the fact that they do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. Environmental factors (e.g., diet) are not capable of altering the DNA sequence itself; rather, they influence epigenetics.

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16
Q

polygenetic inheritance phenotype

A

continuous variation of the one trait- example skin colour, hair and height

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17
Q

type 1 survivorship curve

A

K selected species like humans
stay near carrying capacity- more stable

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18
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A

brids, small mammals, reptiles

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19
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A

r selected species like insects and frogs

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20
Q

what does the pulmonary artery connect

A

pulmonary artery to aorta

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21
Q

what does the ductus venosus bypass

A

fetal liver by going from umbilical vein to inferiour vena cava

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22
Q

what kind of hormone is cortisol

A

steroid hormone

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23
Q

example of something ribozyme would catalyze

A

RNA splicing

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24
Q

If a zebra is 2n = 18 and a horse is 2n = 24, what is the genetic makeup of their hybrid offspring?

A

2n= 21

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25
Q

what structures make up the limbic system

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

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26
Q

what releases trypsin

A

pancrease

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27
Q

Which feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both possess their own circular DNA without histone proteins separate from the rest of the eukaryotic cell, similar to prokaryotes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have different ribosomes that are more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of the host cell through binary fission.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double bilayer membrane, which could have resulted from one prokaryote engulfing another prokaryote through endocytosis, forming a vesicle.

The thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria, which are autotrophic bacteria.

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28
Q

what produces complement proteins

A

hepatocytes

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29
Q

what regulates body temperature

A

In the circulatory system, vasoconstriction and vasodilation can occur in response to thermoregulatory needs. However, the lymphatic system does not contribute to body temperature regulation.

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30
Q

do lacteals absort fats or proteins

A

FATS NOT PROTEINS lacteals are in the small intestine

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31
Q

chromosome translocation

A

A chromosome translocation is when a series of nucleotides are removed from one chromosome and attached to a different chromosome.

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32
Q

Prokaryotic organisms can be further divided into the domains of

A

eubacteria and archaea (also known as archaebacteria).

archaebacteria can be extremophiles

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33
Q

what synthesizes lipids

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones, as well as cell detoxification.

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34
Q

does the vegetal or animal pole contain more yolk

A

the vegetal pole

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35
Q

what does yolk do to cleavage

A

After fertilization of an egg, the resulting zygote will undergo cleavage, which is rapid cellular division. Yolk serves to slow the cleavage furrow.

The result is that while cytokinesis is being completed on the vegetal pole of the egg, another series of cell divisions has already begun on the animal pole.

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36
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

partial cleavage in parts of the embryo- unevel division

in embryos with lots of yolk

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37
Q

Electrical impulses will move fastest through a

A

myelinated thick nerve fibre

Myelin sheaths are fatty membranes that insulate nerve fibers, and they are separated by nodes of Ranvier. Electrical impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, significantly speeding up the signal compared to unmyelinated nerves.

Thick (i.e., larger diameter) nerve fibers have less resistance to the flow of ions across the nerve. This allows the speed of conduction to be faster in thicker nerves.

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38
Q

products of light dependednt reactions of photosynth

A

NADPH
ATP
O2

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39
Q

order of stages in pre embryonic development

A

zygote
cleavage
morule
blastocyst
implantation

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40
Q

morula

A

solid ball of 16-32 cells called blastomeres

41
Q

blastula

A

As the morula travels towards the uterus, the cells continue to divide until it forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula with a liquid-filled cavity called the blastocoel

In humans, the blastula then divides further to form two layers: the trophoblast and inner cell mass. Once the inner cell mass has formed, the blastula is now considered the blastocyst. (Note, in humans, the blastocyst is the sole term for this structure. ‘Blastula’ is not a term used during human embryonic development).

42
Q

what implants itself in the endometrium

A

the blastocyst- has a tropoblast outer layer and an inner cell mass that is surrounded by blastoceol

43
Q

what structure does the zona pellucida stay until

A

stays from the xygote till the morula and is absent in the blastocyst

44
Q

what gender is x linked dominant comon in

A

females

45
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

mitochondria

45
Q

what gender is x linked recessive common in

A

males

45
Q

what organelle contributes to apoptosi

A

lysosome

46
Q

where is vitamin d synth

A

in the skin

47
Q

what vitamins are produced in the volon

A

B and k

48
Q

Both Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis produce 4 viable gametes upon the completion of meiosis

A

FALSE
only spermatogenesis produces 4 haploid sperm

oogenesis produces only one viable egg

49
Q

what process are topoisomerases involved in

A

transcription and DNA replication

50
Q

what separates the two complementary DNA strands in DNA replication

A

helixase

51
Q

what separates the two DNA strands in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

52
Q

what is the function of the poly A tail and 5’ cap

A

that the mRNA is prepared for tranlsation and to prevent it from degradation

53
Q

what has jumping genes

A

euk and prok

54
Q

what are actinoptergi and sarcoptergi

A

bony fish like salmon and halibut

ray finned and lobe finned

55
Q

osteichthyes

A

bony skeleton fish

56
Q

what has a porphyrin ring

A

chlorophyl in photosystems

57
Q

when is phosphoglycolate produced

A

in photorespiration C2 photosynth

its converted to PGA which results in net loss of fixed carbon and no glucose formation

58
Q

which, light dependent or independent reactions produce o2

A

dependent

59
Q

which, light dependent or independent reactions produce ATP

A

dependent

60
Q

which, light dependent or independent reactions produce NADH

A

dependent

61
Q

which, light dependent or independent reactions produce fixed carbon (carbs)

A

independent

62
Q

when does the spindle apparatus form

A

prophase

63
Q

when does the cleavage furrow form

A

late anaphase

64
Q

when does the cell plate form

A

telophase

65
Q

what is the cell plagte made from

A

vesicles from golgi and forms middle lamella

66
Q

what does binary fission not have

A

s phase or spindle apparatus

67
Q

where is the synaptoneal complex

A

between homologous chromosomes

68
Q

genotype of dihybrid cross

A

heterozygous

69
Q

phenotype ratio for dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

70
Q

function of intermediate fillaments

A

structural support

71
Q

function of cytoplasmic streaming

A

move organelles and omlecules through cytoplasm on microfillament tracks

72
Q

diff of recemptor mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis

A

In contrast to receptor-mediated endocytosis, which often engulfs dissolved materials, phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis by which a cell engulfs undissolved materials. This process is also called cellular “eating” because the cell membrane projects outward and wraps around solid particles to internalize them. It does not rely on receptors?

73
Q

what breaks the law of independent assortment

A

linked genes

74
Q

what covers the surface of cortical bone

A

periosteum- fibrous protectice membrane

It is tightly attached to the underlying cortical bone by collagen fibers and is richly innervated and vascular. The periosteum provides bone with nourishment and sensation.

75
Q

endosteum

A

single layer membrane betwen crotical and cancellous bone

76
Q

when are organelles replicated

A

G2

77
Q

what causes the slow and fast block

A

fusion of the sperm and egg membrane

78
Q

what is the function of crotical granules in eggs

A

The cortical granules harden to form an impenetrable fertilization envelope around the outside of the plasma membrane of the egg. Cortical granules also signal proteases to separate the vitelline membrane (i.e., zona pellucida in mammals) from the plasma membrane of the egg.

79
Q

what triggers the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm acrosome,

A

sperm binding to receptors on vitelline layer - this allows it to digest the zona pellucida

80
Q

what plants is an ovule found in- what does it become

A

in gymnosperms and angiosperms and forms in to the seed once fertilized

81
Q

what occurs in the mitochonrial matrix

A

pyruvate decarboxylation
citric acid cycle
beta oxidation

82
Q

within a niche

A

an inverse relationship between the successful and unsuccessful species is expected

83
Q

where are androgens synth

A

primarily in testes and secondarily by adrenal gland and ovaries

84
Q

function of 5’ cap

A

A cap is added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA, protecting the mRNA from degradation. It will assist in ribosome binding during translation.

85
Q

fucntion of poly a tail

A

A sequence of many adenine nucleotides (poly means many; A means adenine) is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA, which helps stabilize the mRNA and signals for its export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

86
Q

when does post transcriptional modification happen

A

before export out of the nucleus

87
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
mast cells
basophils

88
Q

chemosynthesis

A

Chemosynthesis is a process used by some prokaryotes to generate energy and produce food by oxidizing inorganic chemicals. Fungi obtain their energy and nutrients by breaking down organic material, making them heterotrophs, not chemosynthesizers

89
Q

functinon of light dependent reactions

A

conevring light energy to energy stored in chemical bonds (making ATP and NADH and o2)

90
Q

where do light independent reactinss occur

A

stroma

91
Q

stroma lamellae

A

The stroma lamellae are the structures that connect thylakoids and are responsible for carrying out cyclic photophosphorylation. This process recycles electrons in the electron transport chain, producing more ATP.

92
Q

thylakoid lumen

A

The thylakoid lumen is the thylakoid’s internal fluid where photolysis occurs. Photolysis is the light-energy-powered process in which water molecules are split into oxygen, protons, and electrons. The thylakoid lumen serves as a temporary H+ reservoir that powers ATP-synthase during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

93
Q

what increases blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon and cortisol increase blood glucose levels by stimulating liver, fat, and muscle cells to release stored glucose. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, whereas cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

94
Q

diff bw T3 and T4

A

T3 is the active form of the thyroid hormone—it is around 4x more potent than T4.
T4 is the main circulating form of the thyroid hormone, as it has a longer half-life and is more stable in the blood.
T4 is a prohormone for T3, meaning that T4 is converted to T3 in body tissues.

95
Q

what activates trypsinogen

A

enteropeptides from small intestine

trypsinogen is secretes from pancreas as a result of chyme entering duodenum and CCK being reelased

96
Q

where is acetlcholenesterase found

A

in the synapses of cells using acetylcholine

97
Q

what secretes pepsin

A

chief cells in stomach

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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