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extra 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are teichoic acids

A

polysaccharides that connect peptidoglycan to the plasma membrane

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2
Q

how many kingdonms are there

A

6w

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3
Q

what do prokaryotes not have DNA wise

A

centromeres

telomeres

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4
Q

coencytic hyphae

A

dont undergo cytokenesis

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5
Q

plant like protists example

A

algae

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6
Q

conidia

A

haploid spore producing structure producing spores via mitosis in fillamentous fingi in favourable conditions

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7
Q

fungi life cycle

A

mostly haploid

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8
Q

where is the glycocalyx found

A

bacterial and animal epithelial cells

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9
Q

psudoceolem function

A

hydroskeleton that helps in motility and gives structural support

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10
Q

how do fungus like protists reprodce

A

asexually and via sporulation to resits enviromental harsh conditions

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11
Q

what are tremadoes

A

platyhelminthes

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12
Q

what are flukes

A

platyhelminthes

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13
Q

what are planaria

A

platyhelminthes

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14
Q

what is the first organism to have cephalization

A

platyhelminthes

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15
Q

protostome

A

blastopore forms mouth

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16
Q

dueoterostome

A

blastopore forms anus

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17
Q

what is a roundworm

A

nematode

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18
Q

what are hookworms

A

nematodes

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19
Q

what are tichinella

A

nematodes

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20
Q

what are c elegans

A

nematode

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21
Q

what are ascaris

A

nematodes

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22
Q

which are the first ones to have an alimentary canal

A

nematodes

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23
Q

which organisms can reproduce parthogenically

A

nematodes or rotifers

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24
Q

how do platyhelminthes reproduce

A

sexually as hermaphrodites or regeneration

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25
Q

where are rotifers found

A

freshwater

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26
Q

what is associated w bilateral symmetry

A

cephalixation- concentration of nervous and sensory organs in the head

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27
Q

how do porifera reproduce

A

sexually- hermaphrodites
asexually- budding

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28
Q

what is the driving force for the cohesion tension theory

A

transpiration - transpirational force

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29
Q

what do cell walls protect from

A

lysis

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30
Q

laminin

A

Laminin is a protein component of the extracellular matrix involved in signal transduction and cellular adhesion.

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31
Q

what kind of molecule is keratin

A

intermediate fillament

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32
Q

what does the sympathetic response do to blood pressuer

A

increase it bc heart rate increases

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33
Q

bladder in parasympathetic

A

contracts

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34
Q

ionic bonds

A

electrostatic interactiosn bw positively and negatively charged R groups

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35
Q

biomes is characterized by cool summer temperatures, cold winters, and little seasonal precipitation?

A

tundra

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36
Q

Cool winters
Hot summers with droughts and fires
Seasonal rain (less rain than savannas)
Fertile soils

A

temperate grasslands

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37
Q

Warm summers
Cool winters (snows)
Moderate precipitation all year round
Trees shed their leaves in the winter due to poor growing conditions

A

temperate diciduous

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38
Q

Mild winters
Hot, dry summers with droughts and fires
Scattered vegetation, often with small, tough leaves that conserve water

A

chapparal

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39
Q

Cold winters with snowfall
Warm, rainy summers
Largest terrestrial biome

A

taiga - coniferous forest

40
Q

what causes the sperm membrane to bind to the acrosome membrane

A

the fusing of the zona pellucida and actin

41
Q

what organisms does fast block happen in

A

non mammals

42
Q

light dependent reactions

A

Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy as ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen from water.

43
Q

light independent reactions

A

Light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle) use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

44
Q

what is regenerated in the calvin cycle

A

RuBP

45
Q

In what form is CO2 most predominantly transported in the blood?

A

bicarbonate HCO3-

Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in the blood and is then converted by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly dissociates into H+ (proton) and HCO3- (bicarbonate).

Although CO2 is soluble in blood and can be carried in blood plasma, only a small amount of CO2 in the body is carried this way.

46
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A

Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide (CO).

47
Q

rquirements for hardy weinberg equation

A

Large populations
Minimizes the effects of genetic drift, which can cause random changes in allele frequencies

Random mating
Ensures that alleles combine randomly without influence from allele-dependent selection, maintaining genetic diversity

No mutation
Prevents changes in allele frequencies due to alterations in the genetic code, which could introduce new alleles

No natural selection
Ensures that all genotypes have equal ability to survive and reproduce, preventing changes in allele frequencies due to differential survival or reproduction

No migration
Avoids gene flow that can alter allele frequencies by introducing or removing alleles from the population

48
Q

what is the hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a hypothetical state in which allele and genotype frequencies in a sexually reproducing population remain constant from generation to generation, assuming that no evolutionary influences act upon the population.

49
Q

In what order will the following structures pellet during centrifugation, from first to last

A

nucleus
mitochondria and lysosomes
ribosomes

50
Q

cell fractionation

A

Cell fractionation is a lab technique used to separate cellular components through centrifugation. The process involves LYSING cells in a tube to release the contents and then spinning the tube at high speeds.

51
Q

centrifugation

A

Centrifugation separates the cellular components by density, size, and shape. The nucleus is the largest and most dense organelle and thus will pellet first.

52
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the intersection of a motor neuron and muscle fiber; it couples a neuronal action potential to muscle contraction.

53
Q

Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

During muscle contraction, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, triggering the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that results in contraction. The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs after muscle cell depolarization; it does not couple the electrical signal to the muscle’s contraction.

Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the postsynaptic cell.

54
Q

fermentation energy production

A

Fermentation only produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose during glycolysis, which is much less than the 36-38 ATP per molecule of glucose that is produced from aerobic respiration. This is because the electron transport chain produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration, which depends on oxygen to serve as the final electron acceptor.

55
Q

what can be used to label DNA and proteins

A

Sulfur is not found in DNA. Instead, 35S can be used to label proteins because proteins contain sulfur within their disulfide bonds.

DNA’s structure features a sugar-phosphate backbone, making the radioactive isotope 32P ideal for tracking DNA, especially because it is not found in substantial amounts in other biomolecules.

56
Q

where are juxtaglomerular cells found

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, located near the glomerulus of the kidney’s nephrons, detect blood pressure within the afferent arteriole.

57
Q

when is cotrisol released

A

prolonged stress

58
Q

when would we decrease urine production

A

Normal RAAS activity would decrease urine production via the production of antidiuretic hormone. However, if the juxtaglomerular cells are damaged, there would be increased urine production due to reduced RAAS activity.

59
Q

What principle states that two species competing for the same niche will be unable to successfully coexist?

A

competitive exclusion

known as gauses law

60
Q

niche

A

A niche is a species’ unique position and role within its ecosystem, defining how it interacts with its environment and other species to survive and reproduce successfully.

61
Q

Apparent competition

A

Apparent competition occurs when two species share a common predator, and an increase in the population of one prey species leads to an increase in the predator population. This increased predator population then leads to a decrease in the second prey species population due to increased predation because of the greater number of predators. The two prey species are indirectly competing in apparent competition via the shared predator.

62
Q

Which of the following structures secretes a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake in the body’s cells?

A

pancreas

63
Q

what hormones does the kidney secrete

A

The kidneys are organs in the excretory system. They secrete two hormones: erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red blood cell production, and renin, which regulates blood pressure.

64
Q

what happens in the rough ER

A

folding and modifiaction of proteins being secreted

65
Q

viral vs bacterial genome

A

Viruses can have RNA or DNA genomes, whereas bacteria have DNA genomes.

both RNA and DNA are made of nucleic acids

66
Q

viral cell walls

A

they dont have cell walls they have capsids made of subunits called capsomeres

67
Q

viruses are membrane bound organelles

A

they dont have any

68
Q

allopatric speciation

A

Allopatric speciation is a mechanism through which a single ancestor species is separated into two populations by a geographical barrier and evolves into different species.

69
Q

which kingdoms are entirely heterotrophic

A

anamalia and fungi

70
Q

where do natural killer cells originate from

A

the bone marow

71
Q

where are monocytes proliferating

A

bone marrow

72
Q

difference between habitat development and ecological succession

A

While habitats (abiotic) are specific environments suited for living organisms, and their development is part of ecological succession, succession also involves shifts in species populations (biotic).

73
Q

enviromental disruption

A

Environmental disruptions are catastrophes that destabilize ecosystems and diminish biodiversity. Ecological succession often follows environmental disruptions

74
Q

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

The posterior pituitary gland is a direct extension of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin) and oxytocin, which are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

the posteroior pituitary STORES and releases hormones

75
Q

what does the golgi modify pakcage and sort

A

lipid and proteins

76
Q

where does steroid hormone synth take place

A

primarily in the cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads.

77
Q

R factors

A

R-factors (or R-plasmids) are plasmids that contain antibiotic-resistance genes. If a colony of bacteria has an increased number of R-factors, it suggests the colonizing bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance.

78
Q

f plasmid

A

The F-plasmid, or fertility plasmid, is a specific plasmid that gives bacteria the ability to undergo conjugation. This plasmid carries genes necessary for the formation of the sex pilus and the initiation of the conjugation process. The F-plasmid does not necessarily contain antibiotic-resistance genes.

79
Q

cyanobacteria photosynthesis

A

internally, they contain specialized structures called thylakoids (where photosynthesis occurs), which resemble the thylakoid membranes found in chloroplasts.

80
Q

what supports endosymbiotic thoery

A

This internal resemblance between the thylakoids of cyanobacteria and the chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane supports the endosymbiotic theory. According to this theory, photosynthetic eukaryotes evolved when a primitive eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium, which then became the chloroplast.

81
Q

what. are nitrates used to make

A

amino acids and chlorophyll

82
Q

what is a leech

A

annelidia

83
Q

what is a clam

A

mollusc

84
Q

what is a slug

A

mollusc

85
Q

what is a slug

A

mollusc

86
Q

what is a squid and octopus

A

mollusc

87
Q

what is a cephalopod and gastropod

A

mollusc

88
Q

what are scorpions

A

arachnidia- arthropods

89
Q

what has multiple pairs of aortic arches

A

annelids - full closed circulatory system w vessels and heart

90
Q

segmentation

A

segmented bodies are divided by septa

91
Q

what is a crayfish

A

arthropods- crustacea

92
Q

what is a lobster

A

arthropods- crustacea

93
Q

what is a crab

A

arthropods- crustacea

94
Q

what is a sea cucumber

A

echinodermata

95
Q

what is a starfish

A

echinodermata

96
Q

what is a sea urchin

A

echinodermata

97
Q

granzyme function

A

induce apoptosis

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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