ch 11.6- skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what has an exoskeleton

A

arthropods and many invertebrates

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2
Q

what makes up the endoskeleton

A

axial skeleton- central bones, skull, spinal column, and ribcage

appendicular skeleton- appendages

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3
Q

long bones

A

cylindrical bones in the appendicular
skeleton that are longer than wide, are important for
support, movement, and hematopoiesis.

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4
Q

what are long bones made up of

A

cortical bone (compact) and pockets of
cancellous bone (spongy).

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5
Q

what are the features of long bones

A

epiphysis
diaphysis
medullary cavity
metaphysis
epiphyseal plate

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6
Q

epiphysis

A

End of a long bone that forms joints
with other bones and contains red bone marrow
for hematopoiesis (blood cell synthesis).

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7
Q

diaphysis

A

Long hollow shaft in center of bone.

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8
Q

medullary cavity

A

Located within the diaphysis
and contains red and yellow bone marrow (area
of fat storage).

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9
Q

metaphysis

A

Similar to epiphyses and found
between the medullary cavity and epiphyseal
plates.

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10
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

“Growth plate” located between
epiphysis and metaphysis. Made out of cartilage
and works to lengthen the diaphysis through
growth and ossification.

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11
Q

cancellous bone

A

is the spongy inner layer of bone
that soaks up red bone marrow via a web of
trabeculae (connective tissue that supports
cancellous bone).

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12
Q

cortical bone

A

is the dense outer layer of bone that
supports the weight of our bodies. It is composed of
many microstructures:

osteons
haversian canals
lamellae
volkmanns canals

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13
Q

osteons

A

Cortical bone functional unit,
composed of tiny multi-layered cylinders. Also
known as haversian systems because they
contain a haversian canal in their center.

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14
Q

haversian canals

A

Tubes that contain blood
vessels for nutrient supply.

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15
Q

lamellae

A

layers of osteon

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16
Q

volkmann canals

A

Connect Haversian systems
to the periosteum.

17
Q

bone remodeling

A

is the process alternating between
ossification (bone formation) and resorption (bone
loss).

18
Q

osteoblasts

A

Build bone by secreting proteins
and utilizing blood calcium. They mature into
osteocytes after getting trapped inside the bone
matrix they create.

19
Q

osteocytes

A

Live in osteons to maintain bone.

20
Q

osteoclasts

A

Eat and resorb bone, releasing
calcium and phosphate back into the blood.
Derived from monocytes.

21
Q

PTH

A

○ Stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone
resorption, which releases calcium into the
bloodstream.
○ Increases reabsorption of calcium in the
kidneys, leading to decreased excretion in the
urine.

22
Q

calcitonin

A

○ Inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone
resorption and leading to decreased blood
calcium levels.
○ Decreases reabsorption of calcium in the
kidneys, leading to increased excretion in the
urine

23
Q

osteoid

A

is the organic component of bone containing
many proteins such as collagen (gives bone tensile
strength).

24
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

is the inorganic mineral component
of bone that gives the bone density and strength.

25
what are the types of embryonic ossification
intraembranous ossification endochondral ossificaiton
26
Intramembranous ossification:
Bone forms directly in sheets of embryonic connective tissue. Osteoblasts deposit osteoid, which calcifies and forms cortical bone. Occurs primarily for flat bones (e.g., skull, ribs).
27
Endochondral ossification:
An indirect process of bone formation. A cartilage model is initially formed. Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone as osteoid is deposited and calcifies. Occurs for most bones in the body, including long bones (e.g., femur).
28
fibrous connective tissue
● Connective tissue containing a high degree of collagenous fibers is called fibrous connective tissue. It is secreted and maintained by cells called fibroblasts, with several important functions in the body. tendons ligaments periosteum endosteum
29
tendons
atttach muscles to bone
30
ligaments
attach bones to other bones
31
periosteum
Layer that surrounds cortical (dense) bone. Provides nutrients and nervous innervation to bone.
32
endosteum
Layer between cortical and spongy bone.
33
cartilage
is a type of fibrous connective tissue that is avascular and is not innervated by nerves. This is distinguished from bone, which is heavily innervated by nerves and vasculature.
34
joints
are the meeting points between two or more bones. Muscles run across joints and pull the bones on either side, producing body movement. Joints are vascularized, innervated by nerves, and contain connective tissues.