ch 15- animal behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

reflex arcs

A

controlled by a neural circuit

simple reflex- most rapid, stimulus to CNS, synapse with efferent motor neurons travel from CNS to muscle

complex reflex- slower, peripheral nerves separated by interneuron

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2
Q

fixed action patterns

A

Hardwired actions initiated by a specific stimulus (releaser or sign stimuli) and are considered the simplest form of an instinct.

Once initiated, they will continue to completion even if the stimulus is removed during the behavior.

Leads to predictable and appropriate behaviors that do not need to be learned. (E.g., goose rolling egg back into nest, male insects attacking red bellied males). Fixed action patterns are not flexible or adaptable.

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3
Q

imprinting

A

An innate way that animals learn
behaviors that will NEVER be forgotten. Occurs
during the critical period or critical imprinting
stage (E.g., ducklings treating a moving object as
their mother & following it).

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4
Q

learned behaviours

A

INCREASE animals fitness
adapting to unexpected events

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5
Q

stimulus generalization gradient

A

The more a
stimulus differs from the original
conditioned stimulus, the smaller the
conditioned response

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6
Q

operant conditioning

A

Learning to associate a
behavior with a reward (increases behavior) or a
punishment (decreases behavior).

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7
Q

what increases stimulus response efficiency

A

Associative learning: Learning that two things
are connected to each other. Increases stimulus
response efficiency. Can be forgotten
(extinction) or remembered via re-association
(recovery)

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8
Q

spacial learning

A

assocating response with specific location

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9
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

stimulusis absent for period of time and reintroduced allowing behavoiur to occur

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10
Q

observational learning

A

Learning by
watching another animal perform the same
behavior.

The animal learns WITHOUT
reinforcement and INCREASES EFFICIENCY

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11
Q

insight

A

Learning in a new situation. NO
reinforcement required.

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12
Q

what are the types of non associative learning

A

sensitization - stimulus occurs more, response increases

habituation- decreasing response due to repetitive meaningless stimulus

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13
Q

kinesis

A

Changing speed in random directions -
no target (Favorable environment → reduce
speed; Unfavorable environment → increase
speed). E.g., flatworm escaping when exposed to
light.

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14
Q

taxis

A

Movement with a specific direction,
towards (positive taxis) or away (negative taxis)
from a stimulus. Light stimulus is phototaxis;
chemical stimulus is chemotaxis.

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15
Q

migration

A

Long-distance movement from one
area to another due to instinct, often seasonal.

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16
Q

releaser and primer phermones

A

releaser- immediate and reversible

primer- long term behaviours

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17
Q

iteroparity

A

mate many times in lifetimie - one offspring
high survival
dependable enviroment
parental care

18
Q

semelparity

A

mate one in lifetime
multiple offspring
low survival
harsh conditions
no parental care

19
Q

polyandry

A

one female more than one male

20
Q

poylgyny

A

one male multiple females

21
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

male and female of same species look different

22
Q

male competition

A

rewarding strongest males with more mating opportunities

23
Q

female choice

A

increases attractive traits in males

24
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

includes sacrifices made for other organisms in anticipation of a future reward

25
inclusive fitness
sum of animals direst (genes passed) and indirect (genes passed by relatives) fitness increased by indirect fitness (kin selection)
26
hamiltons rule of altruism
r x B > C r- genetic relatedness between altruist and relative B- number of genes passed on by relative after being saved by altruist C- cots to altruist r+B - indirect fitness
27
altruistic behaviours
sacrifices made for relatives
28
search images
Abbreviating what food looks like to quickly locate abundant and safe food without much thought.
29
agonistic behaviours
Competing for food, territory, or mates. Include: threats, aggression (often detrimental to both parties), and submission.
30
fixed action patterns are
the simplest form of an instinct
31
submission
is part of/ the response in agonistic behaviour
32
ethology
the study of animal behaviours that are inherited (innate) or learned
33
innate behavours occuring without thought
instict
34
invloluntary rapid responses to stimuli
reflex
35
how can an animal learn something that will never be forgotten
imprinting
36
simplest form of an instict
fixed action patterns
37
neutral stimulus
no physiological response
38
unconditioned stimulus
causes physiological response NATURALLY and elicits unconditioned natural response to that stimulus
39
rewards in operant conditioning
increase the behaviour
40
positive punishmnet
adding something bad to decrease behaviour
41
types of associative learning
spacial learning spontaneous recovery observational learning insight
42
cooperation
grouping together to better acheive a goal