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DAT BIOLOGY > ch 10- plants > Flashcards

ch 10- plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the parts of the seed

A

seed coat
endosperm
embryo

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2
Q

what is the endosperm

A

storage material that provides the embryo with nutrients

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3
Q

what is the seed embryo

A

composed of radicle
hypocotyl
plumule
epicotyl

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4
Q

radicle

A

first to emerge
develops into root and anchors plant to soil

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5
Q

hypocotyl

A

bottom region of young shoot

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6
Q

plumule

A

develops into leaves

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7
Q

epicotyl

A

top region
shoot tip

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8
Q

germination

A

sprouting of seedling from previously dormant state in favourable condition

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9
Q

what is the most important condition for germination

A

water

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10
Q

imbibition

A

when the seed absorbs water which breaks the seed coat and initiates growth

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11
Q

where does plant growth take place

A

at the meristemsp

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12
Q

primary meristems

A

vertical growth at the apical meristems (tips of roots and shoots)

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13
Q

root zones

A

zone of division
zone of elongation
zone of maturation

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14
Q

secondary growth

A

horizontal growth occuring at lateral meristems - vascular cambium and cork cambium

only occurs in woody plants

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15
Q

vascular cambium

A

ring of meristematic tissue between primary zylem (more center) and primary phloem

cells produced inside this ring become secondary xylem (wood and pith) and cells on the outside of the ring become secondary phloem (bark and cork cambium)

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16
Q

secondary xylem and phloem

A

secondary zylem is produced each year producing rings but new phloem replaces old phloem

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17
Q

cork cambium

A

ring of meristematic tissue located outside the phloem and produces cork

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18
Q

groung tissue

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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19
Q

parenchyma

A

filler tissue
makes up bulk of plant
thin cell walls

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20
Q

collenchyma

A

extra support in areas of active growth
irregular cell walls

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21
Q

sclerenchyma

A

main structural support
thick cell walls

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22
Q

stele

A

vascular tissue formed from xylem, phloem, and pith in centre of plant for transport

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23
Q

what is the pith made from

A

parenchyma

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24
Q

phloem

A

sugar transport from leaves to roots

made of
-sieve cells (long and lack organelles)-connected to form tunnel
-companion cells (connected to sieve cells, contain organelles for metabolic function)

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25
Q

xylem

A

transport water from roots to leaves
structural support

made up of
-tracheids (long and thin for water to travel through pits in tapered ends)
-vessel elements (short and stout- water travels via perforations in cell walls

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26
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer layer of plants that provides protection and regulation
-epidermis - cuticle covers it
-root hairs - inc surface area for greater nutrient and water uptake

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27
Q

casparian strip

A

made of fat and wax

impenetrable substance in cell walls of roots that forces water into cytoplasm for filtering before entering rest of plant

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28
Q

what causes stomata to open

A

water influx into guard cells makes them turgid

29
Q

where are mesophyll cells located

A

between upper and lower epidermis

30
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

surround and protect vascular bundles

31
Q

cohesion tension theory

A

Transpiration, the
driving force, causes water to evaporate from the
stomata and leads to a transpirational pull. This
cohesive force (between similar substances, e.g.,
the water molecules) pulls the water column
upward.

32
Q

capillary action

A

An adhesive force (between
dissimilar substances) due to attraction between
water and xylem vessels that causes water to
climb upwards.

33
Q

root pressure

A

Builds up in roots to produce an
osmotic gradient, which drives water from soil
into the roots.

34
Q

pressure flow hypothesis

A

Source cells produce
sugar and load it into phloem → increased sugar
concentration creates a gradient that pulls water into
phloem → turgor pressure in phloem increases,
resulting in bulk flow movement of sugar from leaves
down to roots.

35
Q

what are the plant hormones

A

ethylene
auxins
cytokinins
gibberellins
abscisic acid

36
Q

ethylene

A

gas that increases fruit ripening

37
Q

auxins

A

cuases cell growth
work with cytokinins
responsible for plant tropisms

38
Q

tropisms

A

plant growth in one direction

phototropism - growth towards light
gravitropism- growth away from pull of gravity
thigmotropism - growth in response to contact- vine growing up a wall

39
Q

cytokinins

A

regulate cell differentiation and division with auxins

can prevent aging

40
Q

gibberellins

A

stem and shoot elongation

elimination of domancy of seed

flowering

fruit production

leaf and fruit death

41
Q

abscisic acid

A

functions during stress and promotes dormancy of seeds

closes stomata during droughts and inhibits growth

42
Q

bryophytes

A

non vascular

seedless- no flower or fruit

low growing- horizontal spread

rhizoids, not roots

majority of life cycle in gametophyte stage
-reduced sporophyte that depends on and is attached to gametophyte

43
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular

seed brearing OR seedless

grow vertically and horizontally

root systems for anchorage

most of life cycle in sporophyte

44
Q

diploid zygote becomes

A

sporophye via mitosis

45
Q

in thier sporangia

A

sporophytes undergo MEIOSIS to produce haploid spores

46
Q

spores become

A

gametophye via mitosis which produces gametes (still haploid) but those fuse to make the zygote

47
Q

homosporous plants vs heterosporous plants

A

homosporous- bisexual gametophytes produces only one type of spore

heterosporous- produces two types of spores- megaspores develope into female gametophyte and microscopes develope into male gametophyte

48
Q

what are examples of bryophytes

A

mosses
hornworts
liverworts

49
Q

rhizoids

A

hair like projections that aid in water absorption and minor anchorage

50
Q

seedless tracheophytes

A

lycophytes and pterophytes-
club moss
quillworts
fern
horsetail

mostly heterosporous with flagellated sperm
-independent gametophye and sporophyte life cycles

51
Q

seed bearing tracheophytes

A

gymnosperm
-naked seeds
-conifers- fir, spruce, pine, redwood
-nonflagellated sperm dispersed by seed in wind

angiosperm
-most abundant
-flower bearing
-fruit producing
-nonflagellated sperm dispersed by wind or animals or pollen
-double fertilization

52
Q

double fertilization

A

female gamete fertilized by two sperm

53
Q

stamen

A

male sex organ composed of anther (site of microscope formation) and filament (supports anther)

54
Q

microspore

A

produced in the anther in the stamen

it undergoes mitosis to form generative cell that contains sperm. and tube cells

55
Q

pollen

A

made from the generative cell that contains sperm and the tube cell

both made from a microspore undergoing mitosis

56
Q

pistil

A

female plant sex organ

made of
stigma- top of pistil - site of where pollen lands for germination

style - tube that leads to ovary

ovary - stores egg/ ovule

57
Q

process of fertilization in plants

A

Pollen lands on stigma → tube cell elongates down
style forming pollen tube → generative cell travels
down pollen tube to ovary → splits forming two sperm
cells (double fertilization)
● One sperm cell meets ovule to form the seed or
embryo. Ovary develops into fruit, which is eaten
by animals and deposited in a new location (gene
migration).
● The other sperm cell combines with ovule’s polar
nuclei to form the endosperm.

58
Q

megagametophyte

A

(female gametophyte) is
known as the embryo sac and develops within the ovule.

59
Q

cotyledon

A

First leaves to appear on seedlings.
Contain nutrients from seed to feed the growing seedling.

60
Q

monocots

A

single cotolydon

long narrow leaf
parallel veins
scattered vascular bundles
floral parts in multiples of 3
fibrous fine root system near surface

61
Q

dicots

A

two cotolydons

broad leaf
network of veins
vascular bundles in ring
floral parts in 4 or 5
single taproot with branching

62
Q

plants and nitrogen fixing bact

A

Plants have a symbiotic relationship with
nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Bacteria fix atmospheric
nitrogen into a usable form for plants; in return,
plants produce food for bacteria via photosynthesis.

63
Q

nitrogen fixing bact- where are they found

A

in root nodules of legumes

64
Q

nitrogen fixing bact

A

fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+).

65
Q

nitrifying bact

A

convert ammonia and
ammonium to nitrites (NO2-) and then to nitrates (NO3-).

66
Q

nitrates

A

are taken up by plants (assimilation of
nitrogen) and incorporated into amino acids and
chlorophyll. Animals (consumers) acquire nitrogen
by eating plants (producers).

67
Q

detritus

A

of dead decaying plants and animals
provides soil with nitrates.

68
Q

denitrifying bact

A

convert nitrates back to
atmospheric nitrogen.

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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