ch 10- plants Flashcards

Question

xylem

Answer 1

transport water from roots to leaves structural support made up of -tracheids (long and thin for water to travel through pits in tapered ends) -vessel elements (short and stout- water travels via perforations in cell walls

Answer 2

outer layer of plants that provides protection and regulation -epidermis - cuticle covers it -root hairs - inc surface area for greater nutrient and water uptake

Answer 3

made of fat and wax impenetrable substance in cell walls of roots that forces water into cytoplasm for filtering before entering rest of plant

Answer 4

water influx into guard cells makes them turgid

Answer 5

between upper and lower epidermis

Answer 6

surround and protect vascular bundles

Answer 7

Transpiration, the driving force, causes water to evaporate from the stomata and leads to a transpirational pull. This cohesive force (between similar substances, e.g., the water molecules) pulls the water column upward.

Answer 8

An adhesive force (between dissimilar substances) due to attraction between water and xylem vessels that causes water to climb upwards.

Answer 9

Builds up in roots to produce an osmotic gradient, which drives water from soil into the roots.

Answer 10

Source cells produce sugar and load it into phloem → increased sugar concentration creates a gradient that pulls water into phloem → turgor pressure in phloem increases, resulting in bulk flow movement of sugar from leaves down to roots.

Answer 11

ethylene auxins cytokinins gibberellins abscisic acid

Answer 12

gas that increases fruit ripening

Answer 13

cuases cell growth work with cytokinins responsible for plant tropisms

Answer 14

plant growth in one direction phototropism - growth towards light gravitropism- growth away from pull of gravity thigmotropism - growth in response to contact- vine growing up a wall

Answer 15

regulate cell differentiation and division with auxins can prevent aging

Answer 16

stem and shoot elongation elimination of domancy of seed flowering fruit production leaf and fruit death

Answer 17

functions during stress and promotes dormancy of seeds closes stomata during droughts and inhibits growth

Answer 18

non vascular seedless- no flower or fruit low growing- horizontal spread rhizoids, not roots majority of life cycle in gametophyte stage -reduced sporophyte that depends on and is attached to gametophyte

Answer 19

vascular seed brearing OR seedless grow vertically and horizontally root systems for anchorage most of life cycle in sporophyte

Answer 20

sporophye via mitosis

Answer 21

sporophytes undergo MEIOSIS to produce haploid spores

Answer 22

gametophye via mitosis which produces gametes (still haploid) but those fuse to make the zygote

Answer 23

homosporous- bisexual gametophytes produces only one type of spore heterosporous- produces two types of spores- megaspores develope into female gametophyte and microscopes develope into male gametophyte

Answer 24

mosses hornworts liverworts

Answer 25

hair like projections that aid in water absorption and minor anchorage

Answer 26

lycophytes and pterophytes- club moss quillworts fern horsetail mostly heterosporous with flagellated sperm -independent gametophye and sporophyte life cycles

Answer 27

gymnosperm -naked seeds -conifers- fir, spruce, pine, redwood -nonflagellated sperm dispersed by seed in wind angiosperm -most abundant -flower bearing -fruit producing -nonflagellated sperm dispersed by wind or animals or pollen -double fertilization

Answer 28

female gamete fertilized by two sperm

Answer 29

male sex organ composed of anther (site of microscope formation) and filament (supports anther)

Answer 30

produced in the anther in the stamen it undergoes mitosis to form generative cell that contains sperm. and tube cells

Answer 31

made from the generative cell that contains sperm and the tube cell both made from a microspore undergoing mitosis

Answer 32

female plant sex organ made of stigma- top of pistil - site of where pollen lands for germination style - tube that leads to ovary ovary - stores egg/ ovule

Answer 33

Pollen lands on stigma → tube cell elongates down style forming pollen tube → generative cell travels down pollen tube to ovary → splits forming two sperm cells (double fertilization) ● One sperm cell meets ovule to form the seed or embryo. Ovary develops into fruit, which is eaten by animals and deposited in a new location (gene migration). ● The other sperm cell combines with ovule’s polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Answer 34

(female gametophyte) is known as the embryo sac and develops within the ovule.

Answer 35

First leaves to appear on seedlings. Contain nutrients from seed to feed the growing seedling.

Answer 36

single cotolydon long narrow leaf parallel veins scattered vascular bundles floral parts in multiples of 3 fibrous fine root system near surface

Answer 37

two cotolydons broad leaf network of veins vascular bundles in ring floral parts in 4 or 5 single taproot with branching

Answer 38

Plants have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants; in return, plants produce food for bacteria via photosynthesis.

Answer 39

in root nodules of legumes

Answer 40

fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+).

Answer 41

convert ammonia and ammonium to nitrites (NO2-) and then to nitrates (NO3-).

Answer 42

are taken up by plants (assimilation of nitrogen) and incorporated into amino acids and chlorophyll. Animals (consumers) acquire nitrogen by eating plants (producers).

Answer 43

of dead decaying plants and animals provides soil with nitrates.

Answer 44

convert nitrates back to atmospheric nitrogen.