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DAT BIOLOGY > ch 2- cells and organelles > Flashcards

ch 2- cells and organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

what membrane proteins have polar and non polar parts and what membrane proteins have only polar parts

A

integral- amphipathic

peripheral

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2
Q

function of integral proteins

A

cell signalling/ transport

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3
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist- bind to receptors and functionally activate target

antagonist- bind and preventother molecules from binding inhibiting prodcution of a response

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4
Q

what molecules undergo simple diffusion across a lipid membrane

A

O2
CO2
H20
lipid soluble molecules like steroids

small uncharged

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5
Q

facilitated transport and examples

A

diffusion through channel proteins

large or charged

K
Na
glucose
sucrose
Cl

down concentration gradient

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6
Q

active transport and example

A

against conc gradient using CARRIER PROTEINS

Na/k pump establishing membrane potential

primary- using ATP hydroysis

secondary- using free eenrgy relased when OTHER things go DOWN thier conc gradient

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7
Q

another name for cotransporter

A

sumporter

secondary active tranport pairs one element going down its concentration graidient to power the movement of another against its concentration gradient

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8
Q

cytosis

A

bulk transport of hydrophillic molecules

active transport

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9
Q

cytosol vs cytoplasm

A

cytosol- fluid aqueous intracellular

cytoplasm- cytosol AND organelles

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10
Q

what occurs in the nucleus

A

DNA replication and transcription

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11
Q

nuclear envelope

A

2 phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear space

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12
Q

nuclear lamina

A

provides structural support to the nucleus and regulates DNA and cell division

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits consisitng of rRNA and proteins

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14
Q

what are ribosomes

A

not organelles

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15
Q

ribosome assembly

A

in euk- in nucleoplasm we make the 40 and 60s and the 80 s is made in the cytosol

prok- 50 and 30 s are made in the cytosol and 70s is also made here

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16
Q

free floating vs Rough ER riboomes

A

free floating- make proteins that function in the cytosol

rough ER ribosomes- make proteins that are sent out of the cell or to the cell membrane

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17
Q

what are the types of connective tissue

A

blood
bone
cartilage
adipose/ fat

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18
Q

dysplasia

A

evelopment of phenotypically abnormal cells in a tissue that can lead to cancerous growth

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19
Q

metaplasia

A

somatic cell undergoing transformation into another spcialized type of somatic cell

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20
Q

hyperplasia

A

inc in number of cells in organ or tisssue that appear normal under microscope - seen in begining of cancer

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21
Q

hypertrophy vs atrophy

A

hyper- inc in cell size due to inc metabolic activity

atophy- dec in cell size due to a dec in metabolic activity

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22
Q

what is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

the rough ER

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23
Q

proteins synth in the rough ER ribosomes…

A

are sent to its lumen to be modified (glycosylation)

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24
Q

function of smooth ER

A

synth lipids and produce steroid hormones and detoxify cells

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25
Q

what organ would be high in smooth ER

A

liver

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26
Q

what is the function of the golgi

A

store, modify, export proteins that will be secreted from the cell

made up of crisernae that are flattened sacs

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27
Q

golgi and ER connection

A

vesicles come from ER to the cis face of golgi and they leave on the trans face that is closest to the cell membrane

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28
Q

lysosomes
what do they contain

A

organelles that break down substances taken in by endocytosis through hydrolysis

also contain digstive enzymes that function at low PH

carry out autophagy and apoptosis

29
Q

autophagy

A

break down of cell machinery

30
Q

proteasomes

A

simiar funciton to lysosomes

protein complexes

degrade unneeded or damaged proteins that are tagged by UBIQUITIN by proteolysis

31
Q

tonoplast

A

in central vacoules - helps cell rigidity - storage and material breakdown

32
Q

what do storage vacoules store

A

starches, pigments, toxic substances

33
Q

contractile vacoules

A

in single celled organisms and fucntion to actively pump out excess water

34
Q

endomembrane system

A

grop of organelled and membranes that work to modify,package,and transport proteins that are entering or exiting the cell

nucleus
rough and smooth ER
gogli
lysosomes
vacoules
cell membrane

35
Q

ECM component

A

proteoglycan
collagen
integrin
fibronectin
laminin

36
Q

proteoglycan

A

type of glycoprotein that has high proportion of carbs

37
Q

collagen

A

most common structural protein

organized into collagen fibrils- fibers of glycosylated collagen secreted by fibroblasts

38
Q

integrin

A

A transmembrane protein that facilitates
ECM adhesion and signals to cells how to respond
to the extracellular environment (growth,
apoptosis, etc.).

39
Q

fibronectin

A

A protein that connects integrin to
ECM and helps with signal transduction.

40
Q

laminin

A

Behaves similarly to fibronectin.
Influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement. It is a major component of the basal lamina (a layer of the ECM secreted by epithelial cells).

41
Q

what provides structural support for cells with low or no ECM

A

cell walls- carb based strcutures

42
Q

what are cell walls found in

A

plants- cellulose
fungi- chitin
bacteria- peptidoglycan
archaea

43
Q

primary component of bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan- polysaccharide with peptide chainsg

44
Q

glycocalyx

A

is a glycolipid/glycoprotein coat found
mainly on bacterial and animal epithelial cells. It helps with adhesion, protection, and cell recognition.

45
Q

cell matrix function

A

connects ECM to cytoskeleton

focal adhesion
hemidesmosomes

46
Q

focal adhesion

A

ECM connects via integrins to actin microfillaments inside the cell

47
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

ECM connects via integrins to intermediate fillaments inside the cell

48
Q

tight junctions

A

Form water-tight seals between
cells to ensure substances pass through cells and
not between them.

49
Q

desmosomes

A

Provide support against
mechanical stress. Connects neighboring cells via
intermediate filaments.

50
Q

adherens junctions

A

Similar in structure and
function to desmosomes, but connects
neighboring cells via actin microfilaments.

51
Q

gap junctions

A

Allow passage of ions and small
molecules between cells. Formed from
transmembrane proteins known as connexons.

Gap junctions are only present in animal cells.

52
Q

middle lamella

A

only in plant cells

sticky cement similar in fucntion to tight junctions

53
Q

plasmodesmata

A

Tunnels with tubes between
plant cells. Allows cytosol fluids to freely travel
between plant cells.

54
Q

microtubules

A

largest in size

structural integrity

hollow

walls made of tubulin protein dimers

form centrioles used in cell division
found in cilia and flagella

55
Q

kinesin and dynein

A

motor proteins that transport cargo along microtubules

kinesin- anterograte- towards positive side- edges of cell

dyenin- retrograte- towards negative size- centre of cell

56
Q

MTOCs

A

microtubule organizing centres

present in euk cells and organize microtubule extension

57
Q

centrosomes

A

made of a pair of centrioles made of microtubules at 90 degrees

58
Q

when do centrioles replicate

A

during the S phase givinig each cell one centrosome (pair of centrioles)

59
Q

cilia

A

only in euk

locomotion - motile cilia - move cell or fluid

non- motile cilia- act as cellular antennas that recieve signals from neighbouring cells and enviroment

60
Q

what are cilia made of

A

microtubules made of tubulin- produced by a basal body- formed by the mother centriole

composed of polymers of tubulin with 9+2 array

61
Q

flagella

A

both euk and prokaryotes

62
Q

prokaryotic flagella

A

polymers of flagellin - no 9+2 array

NOT MICROTUBULES
move in rotary motion

proton driven

rotary motor

63
Q

eukaryotic flagella

A

composed of polymers of tubulin with 9+2 array

move in bending motion

larger and more complex

ATP driven

complex sliding fillament system

64
Q

peroxisomes

A

hydrolysis of stored fatty acids

detocification

generate hydrogen peroxide- can become ROS that can cause damage through free radicals

contain catalase- break down peroxide to water and oxygen

65
Q

mitochondirla inheritance

A

maternal

66
Q

plastid

A

example- chloroplasts

double membrane organelles fonud exclusively within plant cells and algae

fucntion in photosynth and storage of metabolites

67
Q

intermediate fillaments

A

between microfilaments and microtubules in size.

more stable than microfilaments and

help with structural support. example, keratin, Lamins are a type of intermediate filament in nuclear lamina (network that supports the nucleus)

68
Q

microfillaments

A

smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double helix made of two actin filaments.

cell movement
quickly assemble and dissasemble

cleavage furrow
cyclosis
muscle contraction

ACTIN AND MYOSIN

69
Q

cyclosis

A

(cytoplasmic streaming): The flow (or
stirring) of the cytoplasm inside the cell. It is driven
by forces via actin (microfilaments) and myosin
movement, in a manner similar to muscle
contraction.

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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