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DAT BIOLOGY > ch 2- cells and organelles > Flashcards

ch 2- cells and organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what membrane proteins have polar and non polar parts and what membrane proteins have only polar parts

A

integral- amphipathic

peripheral

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2
Q

function of integral proteins

A

cell signalling/ transport

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3
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist- bind to receptors and functionally activate target

antagonist- bind and preventother molecules from binding inhibiting prodcution of a response

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4
Q

what molecules undergo simple diffusion across a lipid membrane

A

O2
CO2
H20
lipid soluble molecules like steroids

small uncharged

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5
Q

facilitated transport and examples

A

diffusion through channel proteins

large or charged

K
Na
glucose
sucrose
Cl

down concentration gradient

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6
Q

active transport and example

A

against conc gradient using CARRIER PROTEINS

Na/k pump establishing membrane potential

primary- using ATP hydroysis

secondary- using free eenrgy relased when OTHER things go DOWN thier conc gradient

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7
Q

another name for cotransporter

A

sumporter

secondary active tranport pairs one element going down its concentration graidient to power the movement of another against its concentration gradient

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8
Q

cytosis

A

bulk transport of hydrophillic molecules

active transport

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9
Q

cytosol vs cytoplasm

A

cytosol- fluid aqueous intracellular

cytoplasm- cytosol AND organelles

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10
Q

what occurs in the nucleus

A

DNA replication and transcription

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11
Q

nuclear envelope

A

2 phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear space

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12
Q

nuclear lamina

A

provides structural support to the nucleus and regulates DNA and cell division

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits consisitng of rRNA and proteins

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14
Q

what are ribosomes

A

not organelles

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15
Q

ribosome assembly

A

in euk- in nucleoplasm we make the 40 and 60s and the 80 s is made in the cytosol

prok- 50 and 30 s are made in the cytosol and 70s is also made here

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16
Q

free floating vs Rough ER riboomes

A

free floating- make proteins that function in the cytosol

rough ER ribosomes- make proteins that are sent out of the cell or to the cell membrane

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17
Q

what are the types of connective tissue

A

blood
bone
cartilage
adipose/ fat

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18
Q

dysplasia

A

evelopment of phenotypically abnormal cells in a tissue that can lead to cancerous growth

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19
Q

metaplasia

A

somatic cell undergoing transformation into another spcialized type of somatic cell

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20
Q

hyperplasia

A

inc in number of cells in organ or tisssue that appear normal under microscope - seen in begining of cancer

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21
Q

hypertrophy vs atrophy

A

hyper- inc in cell size due to inc metabolic activity

atophy- dec in cell size due to a dec in metabolic activity

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22
Q

what is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

the rough ER

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23
Q

proteins synth in the rough ER ribosomes…

A

are sent to its lumen to be modified (glycosylation)

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24
Q

function of smooth ER

A

synth lipids and produce steroid hormones and detoxify cells

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25
what organ would be high in smooth ER
liver
26
what is the function of the golgi
store, modify, export proteins that will be secreted from the cell made up of crisernae that are flattened sacs
27
golgi and ER connection
vesicles come from ER to the cis face of golgi and they leave on the trans face that is closest to the cell membrane
28
lysosomes what do they contain
organelles that break down substances taken in by endocytosis through hydrolysis also contain digstive enzymes that function at low PH carry out autophagy and apoptosis
29
autophagy
break down of cell machinery
30
proteasomes
simiar funciton to lysosomes protein complexes degrade unneeded or damaged proteins that are tagged by UBIQUITIN by proteolysis
31
tonoplast
in central vacoules - helps cell rigidity - storage and material breakdown
32
what do storage vacoules store
starches, pigments, toxic substances
33
contractile vacoules
in single celled organisms and fucntion to actively pump out excess water
34
endomembrane system
grop of organelled and membranes that work to modify,package,and transport proteins that are entering or exiting the cell nucleus rough and smooth ER gogli lysosomes vacoules cell membrane
35
ECM component
proteoglycan collagen integrin fibronectin laminin
36
proteoglycan
type of glycoprotein that has high proportion of carbs
37
collagen
most common structural protein organized into collagen fibrils- fibers of glycosylated collagen secreted by fibroblasts
38
integrin
A transmembrane protein that facilitates ECM adhesion and signals to cells how to respond to the extracellular environment (growth, apoptosis, etc.).
39
fibronectin
A protein that connects integrin to ECM and helps with signal transduction.
40
laminin
Behaves similarly to fibronectin. Influences cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement. It is a major component of the basal lamina (a layer of the ECM secreted by epithelial cells).
41
what provides structural support for cells with low or no ECM
cell walls- carb based strcutures
42
what are cell walls found in
plants- cellulose fungi- chitin bacteria- peptidoglycan archaea
43
primary component of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan- polysaccharide with peptide chainsg
44
glycocalyx
is a glycolipid/glycoprotein coat found mainly on bacterial and animal epithelial cells. It helps with adhesion, protection, and cell recognition.
45
cell matrix function
connects ECM to cytoskeleton focal adhesion hemidesmosomes
46
focal adhesion
ECM connects via integrins to actin microfillaments inside the cell
47
hemidesmosomes
ECM connects via integrins to intermediate fillaments inside the cell
48
tight junctions
Form water-tight seals between cells to ensure substances pass through cells and not between them.
49
desmosomes
Provide support against mechanical stress. Connects neighboring cells via intermediate filaments.
50
adherens junctions
Similar in structure and function to desmosomes, but connects neighboring cells via actin microfilaments.
51
gap junctions
Allow passage of ions and small molecules between cells. Formed from transmembrane proteins known as connexons. Gap junctions are only present in animal cells.
52
middle lamella
only in plant cells sticky cement similar in fucntion to tight junctions
53
plasmodesmata
Tunnels with tubes between plant cells. Allows cytosol fluids to freely travel between plant cells.
54
microtubules
largest in size structural integrity hollow walls made of tubulin protein dimers form centrioles used in cell division found in cilia and flagella
55
kinesin and dynein
motor proteins that transport cargo along microtubules kinesin- anterograte- towards positive side- edges of cell dyenin- retrograte- towards negative size- centre of cell
56
MTOCs
microtubule organizing centres present in euk cells and organize microtubule extension
57
centrosomes
made of a pair of centrioles made of microtubules at 90 degrees
58
when do centrioles replicate
during the S phase givinig each cell one centrosome (pair of centrioles)
59
cilia
only in euk locomotion - motile cilia - move cell or fluid non- motile cilia- act as cellular antennas that recieve signals from neighbouring cells and enviroment
60
what are cilia made of
microtubules made of tubulin- produced by a basal body- formed by the mother centriole composed of polymers of tubulin with 9+2 array
61
flagella
both euk and prokaryotes
62
prokaryotic flagella
polymers of flagellin - no 9+2 array NOT MICROTUBULES move in rotary motion proton driven rotary motor
63
eukaryotic flagella
composed of polymers of tubulin with 9+2 array move in bending motion larger and more complex ATP driven complex sliding fillament system
64
peroxisomes
hydrolysis of stored fatty acids detocification generate hydrogen peroxide- can become ROS that can cause damage through free radicals contain catalase- break down peroxide to water and oxygen
65
mitochondirla inheritance
maternal
66
plastid
example- chloroplasts double membrane organelles fonud exclusively within plant cells and algae fucntion in photosynth and storage of metabolites
67
intermediate fillaments
between microfilaments and microtubules in size. more stable than microfilaments and help with structural support. example, keratin, Lamins are a type of intermediate filament in nuclear lamina (network that supports the nucleus)
68
microfillaments
smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double helix made of two actin filaments. cell movement quickly assemble and dissasemble cleavage furrow cyclosis muscle contraction ACTIN AND MYOSIN
69
cyclosis
(cytoplasmic streaming): The flow (or stirring) of the cytoplasm inside the cell. It is driven by forces via actin (microfilaments) and myosin movement, in a manner similar to muscle contraction.

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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