extended responce

Question 1

Define attachment

Answer 1

the emtional bond that forms between the infant and the caregiver

Question 2

define enriched envirnemnt

Answer 2

tdescribes the social and psycia surroundings that provide intellecual and sensory stimulation and interactions that will enhance brain development

Question 3

examples of enriched environemnts

Answer 3

• children are given much affection and encouragment
• children are cared for and deeply loved

Question 4

impacts of enriched environments

Answer 4

these children will have postive impacts such as cognitive impacts including: highly alert, motivated and confident.
emotional imapacts: strong sense of security and ablility to initiative in wokr and play
social impacts: socially skilled, high levels of autonomy and comfort when taking risks

Question 5

define deprived envirnments

Answer 5

a deprived environemnt is one that provides few interactions and minimal intellectual and sensory stimulation that can impede brain development.

Question 6

examples of deprived environments

Answer 6

• orphanages
• homes where parents are overwhelmed, depressed and unable to provide encouragemnt and affection
• homes where parents are overprotective and controlling

Question 7

impacts of deprived envirnoments

Answer 7

these children have negative impacts such as cognitive impacts: slow processors of information
behavioural impacts: low levels of energy/alertness as they have rceived little encouragment
emotional impacts: low self esteem and confidence as rarely given the opportunity to interact with challenges

Question 8

what was the aim of harlows study on monkeys

Answer 8

his aim was to investigate whether attachment if formed by providing food or tactile comfort

Question 9

what was harlows methodology

Answer 9

his study showed the role of nursing attachemnt in 8 infant rhehus monkeys who were seperated from their mother at birth
- the monkeys were sperate dinto cages with 2 surrogate mothers, one was a wire mothe rand the other was a cloth mother.
- a baby bottle was attched to the wire mother for half of the monkeys and the other half was attached to the cloth mother

Question 10

what were harlows findings

Answer 10

• regardless of who was providing food they soent more time attached to the cloth mother
• both groups of monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother
• monkeys would run to the cloth morther when scared and in danger
• monkeys would use cloth mother as a secure base

Question 11

what was harlows conclusion

Answer 11

horalow concluded that ‘contact comfort’ as more important in the formation of mother-infant attachment than feeding and he genralised this conlucsion to the human mother -infant bond.

Question 12

what are the three R’s in anima research

Answer 12

replacement: refers to the methods which avoid or replace the use of animals
Reduction: reduction refers to any stratagy that will result in fewer nimals being used to obtain sufficient data to answer the research question.
Refinement: refinement refers to the modification of experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress and to enhance the welfare of the animals used in science.

Question 13

what was bowlby’s theory of attchment

Answer 13

he believed that attachmnet occurs in the first year of a child’s life, and that the reactions and behaviours of the caregiver are crucial.

Question 14

describe bowlby’s evolutionary perspective

Answer 14

bowlbys evolutionary perspective suggests that humans developed a biological need for contact between mothersa and infants, with attachments behaviours triggered by speration, insecurity and fear, not food.

Question 15

bowlby’s monotropy

Answer 15

bowlby believed that there should be a primary which was much more important than any other.

Question 16

describe the critical period

Answer 16

bowlby belived that there was an optimum sensitive period ( 0-5 ) for imprinting to ocur by early contact with their primary caregiver. If the attcahment figure is brocken or disrupted during the critical period, the child will suffer irreversible long term consequences of this maternal deprivation

Question 17

describe bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

Answer 17

continual dispruption of the attachment between the infant and the primary caregiver could resul in long term cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties for the infant.

Question 18

describe the internal working monolouge

Answer 18

the child’s attachment to their primary caregiver leads to the formation of an internal working monolouge, a cognitive framework that comprimses mental representations of understanding the world, self, and others, influenced by their social and emotional responces.

Question 19

what are the three main features of internal working monolouges

Answer 19

• a model of others and being trustworthy
• a model of self as valuable
• a model of self as effecive when interacting with others

Question 20

Describe type A insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 20

they seem uninterested in exploring, shows little apparent distress when seperated from their mothers, and avoid contact, ignore or seem different when their mothers return

Question 21

Describe type B secure attachment

Answer 21

the secure attached infant actively explores the room alone when alone with his mother because she serves as a secure base

Question 22

Describe insecure resistant attachment

Answer 22

the resistant infant does not venutre off to play even when his motheris present, probably because she isnot a secure base for exploration

Question 23

what was the aim of genies case

Answer 23

to investigate if she could still learn language despite missing the critical period during her childhood

Question 24

what was the context of her case

Answer 24

• genie spent most of her life tied to a potty chair, naked and only able to move her hands and feet. at night she was put in a sleeping bag where shewas restricted agian.
• she would get hit if she made a noise nd she was rarely spoken too

Question 25

key findings from genies case

Answer 25

• linguist Susan curtis found that Genie could use her words, but not pronounce grammer, meaning, she could not arrange these words in meaningful ways as she had missed the critical period of learning
• researcherswere not able to fully deterine if she suffered from pre existing cognitive defects from being abused or if shewas born with a mental retardation.

Question 26

what was the aim of the strange situation study

Answer 26

to measure the differences in quality of attachment between young children and their main attachment figure

Question 27

what was the procedure of the strange situation case

Answer 27

infants are subjected to eight episodes ( 3 mins long) of gradually escalating stress as adult strangers approach and as caregiver departs and returns. observed through a one way mirror.

Question 28

what were the events of the strange situation

Answer 28

1. experimentor leaves baby and mother to play
2. parents sits while baby plays = use of parents as a secure base
3. stranger enters, talks to parent = stranger anxiety
4. parent leaves; stranger lets baby play, offers comfort if needed = seperation anxiety
5. parent returns, greets baby, offers comfort if needed = reaction to reunion
6. parent leaves = seperation anxiety
7. stranger enters, offers comfort = stranger anxiety; ability to be soothes by stranger
8. parent returns, greets baby, offers comfort, lets baby return to play = reaction to reunion

Question 29

what was the limitations of the study

Answer 29

The study, based on real-life experiences, has been criticized for its cultural limitations and lack of external validity. Critics argue that the method’s focus on the mother’s attachment style may not accurately measure a child’s general attachment style.

Question 30

what was the conclusion of the strange situation

Answer 30

Ainsworth’s study provides the first empirical evidence for Bowlby’s attachment theory, revealing that children with secure attachments develop a positive internal working model, believing they are worthy of love and respect, while those with insecure avoidant or resistant attachments develop poor relationships later in life.