extended responce Flashcards
Define attachment
the emtional bond that forms between the infant and the caregiver
define enriched envirnemnt
tdescribes the social and psycia surroundings that provide intellecual and sensory stimulation and interactions that will enhance brain development
examples of enriched environemnts
- children are given much affection and encouragment
- children are cared for and deeply loved
impacts of enriched environments
these children will have postive impacts such as cognitive impacts including: highly alert, motivated and confident.
emotional imapacts: strong sense of security and ablility to initiative in wokr and play
social impacts: socially skilled, high levels of autonomy and comfort when taking risks
define deprived envirnments
a deprived environemnt is one that provides few interactions and minimal intellectual and sensory stimulation that can impede brain development.
examples of deprived environments
- orphanages
- homes where parents are overwhelmed, depressed and unable to provide encouragemnt and affection
- homes where parents are overprotective and controlling
impacts of deprived envirnoments
these children have negative impacts such as cognitive impacts: slow processors of information
behavioural impacts: low levels of energy/alertness as they have rceived little encouragment
emotional impacts: low self esteem and confidence as rarely given the opportunity to interact with challenges
what was the aim of harlows study on monkeys
his aim was to investigate whether attachment if formed by providing food or tactile comfort
what was harlows methodology
his study showed the role of nursing attachemnt in 8 infant rhehus monkeys who were seperated from their mother at birth
- the monkeys were sperate dinto cages with 2 surrogate mothers, one was a wire mothe rand the other was a cloth mother.
- a baby bottle was attched to the wire mother for half of the monkeys and the other half was attached to the cloth mother
what were harlows findings
- regardless of who was providing food they soent more time attached to the cloth mother
- both groups of monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother
- monkeys would run to the cloth morther when scared and in danger
- monkeys would use cloth mother as a secure base
what was harlows conclusion
horalow concluded that ‘contact comfort’ as more important in the formation of mother-infant attachment than feeding and he genralised this conlucsion to the human mother -infant bond.
what are the three R’s in anima research
replacement: refers to the methods which avoid or replace the use of animals
Reduction: reduction refers to any stratagy that will result in fewer nimals being used to obtain sufficient data to answer the research question.
Refinement: refinement refers to the modification of experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress and to enhance the welfare of the animals used in science.
what was bowlby’s theory of attchment
he believed that attachmnet occurs in the first year of a child’s life, and that the reactions and behaviours of the caregiver are crucial.
describe bowlby’s evolutionary perspective
bowlbys evolutionary perspective suggests that humans developed a biological need for contact between mothersa and infants, with attachments behaviours triggered by speration, insecurity and fear, not food.
bowlby’s monotropy
bowlby believed that there should be a primary which was much more important than any other.
describe the critical period
bowlby belived that there was an optimum sensitive period ( 0-5 ) for imprinting to ocur by early contact with their primary caregiver. If the attcahment figure is brocken or disrupted during the critical period, the child will suffer irreversible long term consequences of this maternal deprivation
describe bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
continual dispruption of the attachment between the infant and the primary caregiver could resul in long term cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties for the infant.
describe the internal working monolouge
the child’s attachment to their primary caregiver leads to the formation of an internal working monolouge, a cognitive framework that comprimses mental representations of understanding the world, self, and others, influenced by their social and emotional responces.
what are the three main features of internal working monolouges
- a model of others and being trustworthy
- a model of self as valuable
- a model of self as effecive when interacting with others
Describe type A insecure avoidant attachment
they seem uninterested in exploring, shows little apparent distress when seperated from their mothers, and avoid contact, ignore or seem different when their mothers return
Describe type B secure attachment
the secure attached infant actively explores the room alone when alone with his mother because she serves as a secure base
Describe insecure resistant attachment
the resistant infant does not venutre off to play even when his motheris present, probably because she isnot a secure base for exploration
what was the aim of genies case
to investigate if she could still learn language despite missing the critical period during her childhood
what was the context of her case
- genie spent most of her life tied to a potty chair, naked and only able to move her hands and feet. at night she was put in a sleeping bag where shewas restricted agian.
- she would get hit if she made a noise nd she was rarely spoken too
key findings from genies case
- linguist Susan curtis found that Genie could use her words, but not pronounce grammer, meaning, she could not arrange these words in meaningful ways as she had missed the critical period of learning
- researcherswere not able to fully deterine if she suffered from pre existing cognitive defects from being abused or if shewas born with a mental retardation.
what was the aim of the strange situation study
to measure the differences in quality of attachment between young children and their main attachment figure
what was the procedure of the strange situation case
infants are subjected to eight episodes ( 3 mins long) of gradually escalating stress as adult strangers approach and as caregiver departs and returns. observed through a one way mirror.
what were the events of the strange situation
- experimentor leaves baby and mother to play
- parents sits while baby plays = use of parents as a secure base
- stranger enters, talks to parent = stranger anxiety
- parent leaves; stranger lets baby play, offers comfort if needed = seperation anxiety
- parent returns, greets baby, offers comfort if needed = reaction to reunion
- parent leaves = seperation anxiety
- stranger enters, offers comfort = stranger anxiety; ability to be soothes by stranger
- parent returns, greets baby, offers comfort, lets baby return to play = reaction to reunion
what was the limitations of the study
The study, based on real-life experiences, has been criticized for its cultural limitations and lack of external validity. Critics argue that the method’s focus on the mother’s attachment style may not accurately measure a child’s general attachment style.
what was the conclusion of the strange situation
Ainsworth’s study provides the first empirical evidence for Bowlby’s attachment theory, revealing that children with secure attachments develop a positive internal working model, believing they are worthy of love and respect, while those with insecure avoidant or resistant attachments develop poor relationships later in life.
