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Neuroscience > Exam Two - Locomotion > Flashcards

Exam Two - Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the nervous system that control locomotion

A
  • central pattern generator
  • peripheral receptors and afferents
  • locomotor regions in the brainstem
  • cerebral cortex
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2
Q

basic neural mechanisms underlying movement include…

A
  • convergence/divergence
  • reciprocal innervation/inhibition
  • central program pattern generators
  • sensory reflexes
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3
Q

divergence

A

allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network

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4
Q

convergence

A

allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network

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5
Q

reciprocal innervation/inhibition

A

when one set of muscles receives a signal for a reflex action, the antagonistic set of muscles receives a simultaneous signal that inhibits action

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6
Q

CPG are…

A

neuronal networks in which interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons produce an oscillating, rhythmic output in the absence of sensory feedback.

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7
Q

CPGs play an important part in motor behavior such as..

A

breathing, swimming, and locomotion

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8
Q

What concept is a hard-wired property of neuronal networks and involves both UMN and LMN?

A

reciprocal innervation

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9
Q

describe the two pathways sensory neurons take during the knee-jerk reflex

A

1 - sensory neurons send signal to spinal cord, from where motor neurons relay the info to quads, causing it to contract and jerk the leg
2 - sensory neurons also synapse with interneurons which send inhibitory signals via other motor neurons to the hamstring causing it to relax

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10
Q

A _______- is defined as a neural circuit that can produce self-sustained patterns of repetitive rhythmic outputs to the muscles involved in the rhythmic behavior in the absence of sensory input

A

CPG

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11
Q

The CPG for locomotion is in the ____________

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

locomotor CPG _________ require higher brain centers

A

does not

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13
Q

The CPG for locomotion is in the ___________ part of the ________ spinal cord

A

ventral, lumbar

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14
Q

The spinal CPG for locomotion consists of both…

A

rhythm (clock) and pattern generating subunits

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15
Q

the CPG for locomotion is controlled by neuron groups in ____________

A

lamina VII (7)

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16
Q

___________________ in the ventral grey matter (mostly lamina 7) regulate locomotor rhythms by communicating to each other across the midline to coordinate behavior

A

bilateral projecting interneurons

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17
Q

The activity of the locomotor CPG is modulated via sensory…

A

feedback and sensory input

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18
Q

the activity of the locomotor CPG is modulated via these descending tracts…

A

corticospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
vestibulospinal

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19
Q

CPG receives input from what two pathways?

A

proprioceptive and exteroceptive

20
Q

____________ feedback determines the magnitude and timing of CPG activity

A

local

21
Q

____________ feedback regulates intensity and coordinates CPG activity with other motor acts

A

long loop

22
Q

CPG activity itself can modulate incoming sensory feedback, via __________ of the afferent pathways

A

presynaptic inhibition

23
Q

___________________ to CPG: return signal in response to rhythmic muscle movement, conveys a continuous measurement of the output

A

sensory feedback

24
Q

What are the 3 nuclei of the reticular formation

A

midline (raphe)
medial
lateral

25
Q

midline raphe nuclei of reticular formation is responsible for…

A
  • consciousness and alertness
  • ascending projections for arousal and attention
26
Q

medial nuclei of reticular formation is responsible for…

A

intrinsic connections for control of eye movement, swallowing, and brainstem reflexes

27
Q

lateral nuclei of reticular formation is responsible for…

A

descending projections for control of muscle tone, respiration, and arterial pressure

28
Q

What are the three monoamine projections to the spinal cord

A

serotonin pathway
noradrenaline pathway
dopamine pathway

29
Q

______________ neurons of the raphe nuclei are involved in the control of sleep-awake cycle and control circadian rhythm via connection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

serotoninergic

30
Q

The raphe nuclei are also involved in __________ by inhibiting neurons in the dorsal horn of the SC that are involved in tranmission.

A

controlling pain

31
Q

subset of serotonergic neurons controls the activity of SC neurons associated with….

A

locomotor CPG

32
Q

SSRI are used to treat depression and mood disorders AND can cause…

A

muscle fatigue

33
Q

locus coeruleus (LC) part of RF is a major wakefulness ___________ nucleus, due to ______ prjections to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, tegmental nucleus, and _______ projections to sleep-promoting GABAnergic neurons of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area

A

promoting
excitatory
inhibitory

34
Q

LC activation _______ alterness

A

enhances

35
Q

LC involved in control of __________, direct projections to the SC and autonomic nuclei of brainstem

A

autonomic functions

36
Q

LC activation increases ___________ activity and decreases __________ activity

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

37
Q

_____________ controls behavioral flexibility, posture and balance, arousal of cortex, attention, memory, and emotions

A

Locus coeruleus (LC)

38
Q

_________ pathways are projection neurons that synthesize and use dopamine as NT

A

dopaminergic

39
Q

_______________ control pain response in SC, prime neurons for pain hypersensitivity following injury

A

descending dopaminergic systems

40
Q

_____ controls the “stepping networks” in the SC

A

domapine

41
Q

hypothalamo-spinal projections of the dopaminergic system control __________ networks in the brainstem and SC (CPG)

A

locomotor

42
Q

________ pathways are involved in learning, reward, and motivation

A

dopaminergic

43
Q

dysfunction of __________ pathways and nuclei are associated with disorders like parkinson’s disease, ADHD, addiction, and restless leg syndrome

A

dopaminergic

44
Q

locomotor function is strongly affected by

A

neuromodulation

45
Q

What are the 3 most common somatic reflexes discussed?

A
  • stretch (knee-jerk) patellar
  • withdrawal (flexor)
  • crossed-extensor
46
Q

What is an involuntary, relatively short-latency, and stereotyped motor response set into motion by an environmental stimulus?

A

reflex

47
Q
A

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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