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Neuroscience > Exam One - Brainstem/Medulla > Flashcards

Exam One - Brainstem/Medulla Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What are the two primary flextures?

A

cervical
cephalic

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3
Q

Where is the cervical flexure?

A

Separates the spinal cord and the rhombencephalon

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4
Q

Where is the cephalic flexture?

A

in the mesencephalon

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5
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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6
Q

What are the 2 secondary flexures?

A

Pontine
telencephalic

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7
Q

Where is the pontine flexure?

A

divides hindbrain into metencephalon and myelencephalon

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8
Q

Where is the telencephalic flexure?

A

divides prosencephalon into diencephalon and telencephalon

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9
Q

Describe how CSF moves through the ventricles

A

lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aquaduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal

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10
Q

Contents of the brainstem

A

White matter
Gray Matter
Major afferent and efferent fiber connections with the cerebellum
Reticular Formation (medial and lateral nuclear components)

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11
Q

White matter in the brainstem

A

1 - ascending sensory fibers that originate from SC neurons and DRG neurons
2 - descending motor fibers that originate from neurons of the telencephalon and diencephalon
3 - ascending and descending fibers that originate from brainstem neurons

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12
Q

Grey matter in the brainstem:

A

Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves

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13
Q

In the Brainstem, there are major ___________ and ____________ fiber connections with the _____________

A

afferent, efferent, cerebellum

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14
Q

Reticular Formation (medial and lateral nuclear components) in the brainstem

A
  • Ascending reticular activating system (RAS)
  • Central pattern generators
  • Pain modulation centers
  • nuclear centers
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15
Q

Reticular formation central pattern generators

A

networks of neurons that generate stereotypes, rhythmic motor behaviors such as walking, running, swimming, breathing, chewing, certain eye movements, shivering, scratching

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16
Q

reticular formation pain modulation centers

A

periaqueductal gray of the midbrain

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17
Q

reticular formation nuclear centers

A

control/modulate visceral special senses and reflexes related to these senses: cardiac and respiratory centers

18
Q

Important ventral structures

A

crus cerebri, basilar pons, pyramids

19
Q

important external features of the ventral surface

A

crus cerebri, basilar pons, anterior median fissure, pyramid, olive, pyramidal decussation

20
Q

Parts of _____ and __________ form the floor of the 4th ventricle

A

pons, medulla

21
Q

Features on the dorsal surface of the brainstem and the rhomboid fossa

A

obex
sulcus limitans

22
Q

obex

A

the most caudal point of the 4th ventricle, as it narrows and communicates with the central canal of the SC

23
Q

What features separates the open and closed medulla?

A

sulcus limitans

24
Q

sulcus limitans

A

important landmark for functional anatomy of brainstem nuclei, separates the cranial nerves’ motor and sensory nuclei, motor nuclei are more MEDIAL and sensory nuclei are LATERAL

25
Q

What continues caudally and rostrally with the medullar oblongata?

A

caudally - spinal cord at the level of foramen magnum
rostrally - pons

26
Q

The medulla is __________. The portion that is caudal to the 4th ventricle is ___________. The portion located within the 4th ventricle is ______________.

A

subdivided, closed, open

27
Q

What are the contents of the medullar oblongata?

A
  • cranial nerve nuclei 8-12
  • components of CN 5
  • corticospinal and dorsal column.medial lemniscus
  • dorsal column nuclei (nucleus gracile and cuneate)
  • ascending and descending spinal cord tracts
  • cardiac and respiratory centers
  • nuclei related to cerebellar function - nuclei specific to the reticular formation
28
Q

Alar and basal plates shift in which ventricle?

A

4th

29
Q

cell groups medial to the sulcus limitans are ______, cell groups lateral to the sulcus limitans are _____________

A

motor, sensory

30
Q

At what level does pyramidal decussation occur?

A

junction of medulla and central cord

31
Q

At what level does sensory decussation occur?

A

closed medulla

32
Q

What branches off the vertebral artery supply the medulla?

A

-anterior spinal artery
- posterior spinal artery
- Post. inf. cerebellar a. (PICA)

33
Q

What branches off the basilar artery supply the medulla?

A
  • ant. inf. cerebellar a (AICA)
34
Q

blood supply of closed medulla (under obex)

A

-PICA
-PSA
-ASA
-VA

35
Q

blood supply of open medulla

A
  • PICA
  • VA
    -ASA
36
Q

blood supply of medulla right under pons

A
  • AICA
    -PICA
    -VA
    -ASA
37
Q

Which CN originate in medulla?

A

9,10,11,12

38
Q

CN 9 damaged

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • ipsilateral loss of pharyngeal sensation
39
Q

CN 10 damaged

A
  • vegus
  • ipsilateral palatal weakness
40
Q

CN 11 damaged

A
  • spinal accessory
  • ipsilateral weakness in trap and SCM muscles
41
Q

CN 12 damaged

A
  • hypoglossal
  • ipsilateral weakness in the tongue

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