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Neuroscience > Exam Three - Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Exam Three - Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ and ______ control postural reflexes and hand eye movements

A

brainstem and cerebellum

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2
Q

the _____ and _____ control voluntary movement

A

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

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3
Q

3 levels of control of voluntary movement

A

1 - planning movement
2 - initiating movement
3 - executing movement

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4
Q

what is involved in the planning movement phase

A

basal nuclei
cortical association areas
cerebellum

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5
Q

what is involved in executing movement

A

cerebellum
movement

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6
Q

the basal ganglia sends output to

A

cerebral cortex and brian stem

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7
Q

T or F: all output from the cerebellum is inhibitory

A

T

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8
Q

the basal ganglia is involved in (3)

A

1 - voluntary movement
2 - procedural learning associated with habits
3 - eye movements

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9
Q

embryologically the basal ganglia arises from the ?

A

telencephalon

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10
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia (4)

A

1 - striatum
2 - globus pallidus
3 - subthalamic nucleus
4 - substantia nigra

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11
Q

caudate and putamen role

A

initiation and control of gross movement

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12
Q

circuits of the basal ganglia

A

loops that involves the cortex, the basal ganglia, and thalamus

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13
Q

the striatum normally works on this

A

GPi (inhibits it)

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14
Q

this is involved in cognitive and proprioceptive control of movement

A

motor thalamus

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15
Q

what is involved in the indirectly pathway

A

striatum
GPe
STN
GPi
Thalamus

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16
Q

What does the GPe act on and what does it do

A

inhibits the STN

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17
Q

what does the STN act on and what does it do

A

it excites the GPi

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18
Q

what is the only excitatory pathway within the intrinsic basal ganglia

A

STN-GPi

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19
Q

What happens in the indirect pathway

A

the striatum inhibits GPe which no longer inhibits STN. STN can now excite GPi which inhibits the thalamus so the thalamus is not sending motor info to the cortex. inhibition of unwanted movement

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20
Q

focused selection

A

supression of competing motor programs

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21
Q

the direct pathway is via

A

caudate/putamen

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22
Q

what is affected in parkinsons

A

substantia nigra
locus coeruleus

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23
Q

parkinsons is characterized by

A

abnormal movements
speed difficulties
cognitive changes

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24
Q

hypokinetic disordered alter the balance of _______ signals in the direct and indirect pathways

A

inhibitory

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25
Q

describe the direct pathway in parkinsons

A

substantia nigra -> D1 -> caudate/putamen -> globus pallidus internal -> VA/VL of thalamus - > frontal cortex

26
Q

describe the indirect pathway in parkinsons

A

substantia nigra -> D2 -> caudate -> globus pallidus external -> subthalamic nucleus -> globus pallidus interal -> VA/VL of thalamus -> frontal cortex

27
Q

in the direct pathway what is degenerated in parkinsons? indirect?

A

D1
D2

28
Q

If D1 and D2 are degenerated what happens?

A

D1 can’t excite the direct pathway which leads to a diminished inhibition of the GPi segment so it inhibits the VA/VL more which leads to a decreased excitation of the frontal cortex
D2 can’t inhibit the indirect pathway so there is increased inhibition of the caudate/putamen on the GPe so it can’t inhibit the subthalamic nucleus which has an increased excitation on the GPi so it inhibits the VA/VL more and leads to decreased excitation of the frontal cortex

29
Q

What are the 7 main symptoms of parkinsons

A

tremor
slowed movement
rigid muscle
impaired posture and balance
loss of automatic movements
speed changes
writing changes

30
Q

what is huntington’s disease

A

progressive neurological disorder leading to neuron death and degeneration of the caudate and putamen

31
Q

huntington’s disease direct pathway

A

the striatum dies so the GPi is less inhibited so it inhibits the thalamus more and there is decreased movement

32
Q

huntington’s indirect pathway

A

the striatum dies so it can’t inhibit GPe so it inhibits the STN more. The STN is turn can’t excite GPi which will no longer inhibit the thalamus thus leading to increased movement

33
Q

chorea

A

sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face

34
Q

dystonia

A

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes impairment of voluntary muscle movement

35
Q

what is the etiology of HD

A

an autosomal dominant mutation in the gene huntingtin
CAG is repeated

36
Q

what is the most common cause of hemiballism. Where is the lesion?

A

stroke, subthalamic nucleus

37
Q

what causes chorea

A

pregnancy (gravidarum), huntingtons, infections, lupus, erythematosus, focal vascular lesions, PD, Levodopa

38
Q

what is degenerated in huntinton’s (pathways?)

A

the connection between the caudate/putamen and globus pallidus

39
Q

what is involved in initiating movement

A

motor cortex

40
Q

the basal nuclei receives input from

A

cerebral cortex

41
Q

what is the associated ventricle of the basal ganglia

A

lateral ventricles

42
Q

putamen + caudate + nucleus accumbens =

A

striatum

43
Q

role of nucleus accumbens

A

encodes motor programs that facilitate the aquisition of a given reward in the future

44
Q

this connects to the glubus pallidus and receives afferents from substantia nigra and striatum. it also has a role in integration of somatic motor function

A

subthalamic nucleus

45
Q

what are the 2 main motor pathways of the basal ganglia

A

direct
indirect

46
Q

this prevents unwanted muscles contractions from competing with voluntary movement

A

indirect pathway

47
Q

this facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement

A

direct pathway

48
Q

the direct pathway starts with

A

the striatum

49
Q

the GPi normally does this

A

it inhibits the thalamus

50
Q

the thalamus normally does this to the cortex

A

excites

51
Q

in the direct pathway what happens?

A

the thalamus is disinhibited
striatum inhibits GPi so GPi doesn’t inhibit the thalamus anymore

52
Q

what does the striatum do to the GPe

A

it inhibits it

53
Q

direct pathway ________ the movement. Indirect pathway ________ the movement

A

starts, modulates

54
Q

the indirect pathway is via

A

subthalamic

55
Q

2 diseases associated with the basal ganglia

A

parkinsons
huntingtons

56
Q

what causes parkinsons

A

loss of basal ganglia that release dopamine

57
Q

T or F: Parkinsons is a hypokinetic disorder

A

T

58
Q

In huntington’s which pathway is affected first

A

indirect

59
Q

hemibalism

A

rare hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary, violent, coarse and wide amplitude movements involving ipsilateral arm and leg

60
Q

T or F: Huntingtons is primarily a hyperkinetic disorder

A

T

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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