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Neuroscience > Exam Three - Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Exam Three - Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ and __ control the endocrine system and the ANS to maintain homeostasis

A

hypothalamus
limbic system

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2
Q

what 3 things does the hypothalamus control

A

water balance
temperature
hunger

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3
Q

what ANS thing does the pons control

A

respiration

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4
Q

what 4 ANS things does the medulla control

A

respiration
cardiac
vomiting
swallowing

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5
Q

the nucleus of the solitary tract receives visceral info from these 3 cranial nerves

A

7, 9 ,10

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6
Q

the nucleus of the solitary tract relays info to the ___ nucleus which projects to the hypothalamus and other limbic structures

A

parabrachial

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7
Q

the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are all _____- CN with a ______ component

A

mixed
GVA

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8
Q

where does the solitary nucleus receive GVA input from?

A
  • chemo/mechanoreceptors
  • free endings of chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons
  • minor input from nasal cavity, soft palate and sinus cavities
  • gut wall, stretch of lungs, mucous membranes
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9
Q

what are some reflexes the solitary nucleus mediate

A

gag
carotid sinus
aortic
cough
baro/chemoreceptor
respiratory
GI system

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10
Q

output of the solitary nucleus

A

hypothalamus
amygdala
brainstem nuclei

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11
Q

what nucleus do the second order neurons project to in the hypothalamus

A

paraventricular

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12
Q

what nucleus do the second order neurons project to in the amygdala

A

central

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13
Q

what nuclei do the second order neurons project to in the brainstem

A

parabrachial
locus coeruleus
dorsal raphe

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14
Q

direct control of the autonomic preganglionic neurons arise from 4x

A

1 - hypothalamus
2 - parabrachial nucleus
3 - nucleus of solitary tract
4 - neurons in the ventrolateral medulla

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15
Q

indirect control of the autonomic responses originates from 3x

A

1 - cerebral cortex
2 - amygdala
3 - periaqueductal grey

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16
Q

what are humoral signals

A

BP and SCI

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17
Q

what 8 things does the hypothalamus do?

A

1 - control BP and electrolytes
2 - regulate body temp
3 - regulate energy metabolism
4 - regulate reproduction
5 - regulates circadian rhythms and sleep wake cycle
6 - directs responses to stress
7 - secretes trophic hormones
8 - interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions

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18
Q

the hypothalamus lines the walls of this ventricle

A

3rd

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19
Q

what divides the hypothalamus into medial and lateral zones

A

fornix

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20
Q

what is a major input to the hypothalamus for sleep/wake cycle

21
Q

major inputs to hypothalamus

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • brainstem and spinal cord
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
22
Q

major output of the hypothalamus

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • septal nuclei
  • adenohypophysis
  • brainstem
  • spinal cord
  • anterior thalamic nucleus
  • amygdala
23
Q

what are the 3 regions of the hypothalamus

A

anterior
tuberal
posterior

24
Q

What 2 nuclei make up the anterior region

A

1 - lateral and medial preoptic
2 - suprachiasmatic

25
Q

what 6 nuclei make up the tubberal region

A

1 - paraventricular
2 - anterior nucleus
3 - supraoptic nucleus
4 - dorsomedial
6 - arcuate

26
Q

what nuclei makes up the lateral posterior region

A

posterior area
mammillary body

27
Q

mnemonic for the tuberal nuclei

A

seven
angry
vikings
ate
pink
donuts

28
Q

seven
angry
vikings
ate
pink
donuts

A

1 - paraventricular
2 - anterior nucleus
3 - supraoptic nucleus
4 - dorsomedial
6 - arcuate

29
Q

these nuclei regulate water balance and produce ADH and oxytocin

A

paraventricular
supraoptic

30
Q

this nucleus regulates dissipation of heat and stimulates parasympathetic NS

A

anterior nucleus

31
Q

this contains dimorphic nucleus and regulates release of gonadotrophic hormones

A

preoptic area

32
Q

this receives input from retina and controls circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

33
Q

stimulation of this nucleus results in obesity and savage behavior

A

dorsomedial

34
Q

this regulates conservation of heat and stimulates sympathetic NS

A

posterior nucleus

35
Q

stimulation of this nucleus induces eating and destruction of it causes starvation

A

lateral nucleus

36
Q

this receives input from hippocampus formation via fornix and projects to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. hemorrhagic lesion in wernickes encephalopathy

A

mammillary body

37
Q

this is the satiety center and destruction of it leads to obesity and savage behavior

A

ventromedial nucleus

38
Q

this produces hypothalamic releasing factors and contains DOPAergic neurons that inhibit prolactin release

A

arcuate nucleus

39
Q

the lateral hypothalamus is the ____ center and ventromedial hypothalamus is the ___ center

A

feeding, satiety

40
Q

the hypothalamus is sensitive to adiposity signals supplied by these 2 hormones

A

leptin and insulin

41
Q

what secretes leptin

42
Q

these 3 hormones modulate neural activity in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

insulin
leptin
ghrelin

43
Q

this is a satiety hormone while this is a hunger hormone

A

leptin
ghrelin

44
Q

what 4 nuclei are involved in the sleep wake cycle

A

1 - lateral hypothalamic
2 - ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
3 - suprachiasmatic nucelus
4 - tubero-mammillary nucelus

45
Q

this is responsible for controlling the circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

46
Q

this is located within the posterior third of the hypothalamus, consists of largely histaminergic neurons and is involved in the control of arousal, learning, memory, sleep and energy balance

A

tuber-mammillary nucleus

47
Q

what does the VLPO do?

A

inhibits the cholingergic nuclei and tuberomammillary nucleus which results in sleep

48
Q

What do orexin neurons do

A

excite tubermammillary nucleus and raphe nuceli for wakefulness

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