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Neuroscience > Exam One - Neuroembryology > Flashcards

Exam One - Neuroembryology Flashcards

1
Q

The basic formation of the human CNS is complete by ________ of gestation

A

6 weeks

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2
Q

Following fertilization, cells divide to form a ________

A

morula

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3
Q

What day does a morula form?

A

3

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4
Q

Morula differentiates into:

A

trophoblast (outside cells - nourishment)
embryoblast (inside-baby)

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5
Q

embryoblast forms on day______

A

6

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6
Q

The fluid filled space between a trophoblast and an embryoblast is called __________-

A

blastocytic cavity

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7
Q

blastulation to gastrulation happens between what days?

A

8-14

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8
Q

The embryoblast differentiates into?

A

hypoblast and epiblast

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9
Q

_________ then epiblast, then hypoblast, then _________

A

amnionic cavity, primitive yolk sac

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10
Q

bilaminar blastocyst (disk) refers to what two layers?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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11
Q

What day does the primitive streak form?

A

day 15

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12
Q

what marks the beginning of gastrulation?

A

the primitive streak

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

inner cell mass is converted into the trilaminar ambryonic disk containing 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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14
Q

endoderm makes…

A

GI tract, liver, pancreas, respiratory lining, middle ear and bladder epithelium, thyroid, and parathyroid

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15
Q

mesoderm makes…

A

muscles, bone, connective tissue, urinary system, reproductive system, circulatory system, and dermis

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16
Q

ectoderm makes…

A

the nervous system!!

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17
Q

Day 16

A

notochord develops as a primitive beggining of backbone, it appears as a small flexible rod made from cells in mesoderm

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18
Q

Day 17

A

neuroectodermal tissue differentiates from ectoderm to form the neural plate (shallow groove and small fold)

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19
Q

Day 18

A

neural groove deepends to form neural folds with the crest

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20
Q

Day 21-22

A

the neural crest of each neural fold fuse to form the neural tube

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21
Q

primary neurulation

A

rostral portion of neural tube gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord through the lumbar levels

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22
Q

secondary neurulation

A

the caudal portion of neural tube gives rise to sacral and coccygeal levels of the cord

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23
Q

congenital malformations associated with defective neurulation are called_____-

A

dysraphic disordered

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24
Q

disruptions of rostral neurulation

A

anencephaly

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25
Q

disruptions of caudal neurulation

A

spina bifida

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26
Q

primary neurulation
forms neural tube on day____, continues both rostrally (and closes on day_____) and caudally (closure on day_______)

A

22, 24, 26

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27
Q

the neural tube differentiates into:

A

CNS:
- brain
-spinal cord
- ventricles
-neurons, glial cells, lower motor neurons, preganglionic autonomic neurons

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28
Q

the neural crest differentiates into:

A

PNS:
- sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
- dorsal root ganglia
- ganglia of ANS
- schwann cells
- melanocytes
- pia and arachnoid of the meninges

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29
Q

the precursor cell population for neurons and glia is

A

neuroepithelial cells

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30
Q

neuroblastic lineage

A
  • from neuroepithelial cells
  • generates neurons
31
Q

glioblastic lineage

A
  • from neuroepithelial cells
  • generates glia (radial glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes)
32
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

self renewing, unspecialized, can be anything

33
Q

multipotent

A

self renewing, give rise to specific cell lineages

34
Q

restricted

A
  • GRP Glial restricted precursors: glioblastic lineage
  • NRP Neuron restricted precursors: neuroblastic lineage
35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the developing spinal cord?

A
  • ependymal layer: lining of central canal
  • mantle layer: alar plate = sensory, basal plate = motor
  • marginal layer: white matter
36
Q

the spinal cord develops from the ___________ of the neural tube

A

caudal portion

37
Q

during the _____ a ____________ groove develops in the lateral wall of the developing spinal cord, and it is called ____________

A

4th week, longitudinal, suclus limitans

38
Q

the suclus limitans separated the neural tube into a _______ (alar plate) and a ________ (basal plate)

A

dorsal, ventral

39
Q

derivatives of the alar plate

A

sensory neurons that innervate skin, joints, tendons and muscles (somatic afferent), and sensory neurons that innervate visceral structures (visceral afferents)

40
Q

derivatives of the basal plate

A

motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle (somatic efferent), and lateral horm neurons that project to autonomic structures (visceral efferents)

41
Q

Somites are…

A

blocks of mesoderm located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo

42
Q

somites are subdivided into…

A

sclerotomes (vertebrae)
myotomes (muscle)
dermatomes (skin sensation)

43
Q

how many total somites and how are they divided?

A

42-44 total:
4 occipital
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
8-9 coccygeal
* 1st occipital and 5-7 coccygeal disappear

44
Q

a dermatome is an…

A

area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

45
Q

days _____ the neural tube forms these 3 primary vesicles and 2 flexures

A

day 27-28
prosecephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
cephalic flexure: in midbrain
cervical flexure: b/t rhomb and spinalcord

46
Q

What week do 2 more flexures appear? What are these flexure? What are the 5 secondary vesicles that also form at this time?

A

5-6th week
- pontine flexure that divides rhobencephalon into metencephalon and myelencephalon
- telencephalic flexure that divides forebrain into diencephalon and telencephalon

47
Q

what does the telencephalon derrive?

A

cerebral cortex and corpus striatum

48
Q

what does the diencephalon derrive?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

49
Q

what does the mesencephalon derrive?

A

midbrain

50
Q

what does the metencephalon derrive?

A

pons and cerebellum

51
Q

what does the myelencephalon derrive?

A

medulla

52
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

failure of the prosencephalon to form secondary vesicles
causes: genetic mutations of teratogens like alcohol, retinoic acid, and maternal diabetes

53
Q

alobar holoprosencephaly

A

complete failure to divide into left and right hemispheres

54
Q

semilobar holoprosencephaly

A

partial separation of hemispheres

55
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excess csf building up within ventricles

56
Q

dandy-walker syndrome

A

defect in development of cerebellum leading to expanded 4th ventricle

57
Q

primary neurulation defects include

A
  • anencephaly
  • crania bifida (encephalocele): failured closeure of cranium
  • spina bifida: failure in closure of vertebra
58
Q

secondary neurulation defects include:

A
  • open and closed spina bifida
  • tethered cord syndrome: abnormal separation of neurotube from the surrounding tail bud tissues
59
Q

anencephaly

A
  • defects of anterior neuropore
  • rostral end of tube fails to close usually between the 23-26 day of development
60
Q

encephalocele (crania bifida)

A
  • partial lack of bone fusion leaves a gap through which a portion of the brain protrudes
  • csf or meninges may also protrude through
  • protrusion usually covered by skin or thin membrane
  • most often affects the occipital area
61
Q

3 types of encephalocele

A
  • meningocele: least severe, csf and meninges protrude
  • meningoencephalocele: brain, csf, and meninges protrude
  • meningohydroencephalocele: most severe, ventricle, brain, csf, and meninges protrude
62
Q

chiari malform 1

A

structural defect in the base of the skull that results in the cerebellums extension below the foramen mag into the upper spinal canal

63
Q

chiari malform 2

A

both the cerebellum and the brain stem tissue protrude into the foramen mag

64
Q

chiari malform 3

A

some of the cerebellum herniate through an abnormal opening in the back of the skull

65
Q

chiari malform 4

A

incomplete or underdeveloped cerebellum

66
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect in the US?

A

spina bifida - “cleft spine” is due to incomplete development of the brain, SC, and/or meninges

67
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

skin covers the affected area, can affect any level of the spine but it is usually found on the lower end. characterized by a hair patch

68
Q

spina bifida cystica meningocele

A

cyst contains meninges and csf

69
Q

spina bifida cystica meningomyelocele

A

cyst contains spinal cord and/or spinal cord roots

70
Q

spina bifida cystica myeloschisis (myelocele)

A

spinal cord is often open because the neural folds failed to fuse during the 4th week, the spinal cord in the affected area is a flattened mass of nervous tissue

71
Q

upper motor neuron signs

A

increased muscle tone
increased tendon reflexes
spasticity

72
Q

lower motor neuron signs

A

decreased muscle tone
decreased tendon reflexes
muscle weakness or complete denervation

73
Q

tethered cord syndrome

A

conus medullaris and filum terminate are abnormally fixed to the vertebral column

74
Q

signs of tethered cord syndrome

A

lower extremity weakness
sensory loss
asymmetrical growth of legs/feet
bowel and bladder dysfunction

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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