Exam Three - ANS Flashcards
What is the function of the ANS
maintain homeostasis
peripheral SNS is found here and includes (2)
Thoracolumbar
Paravertebral (sympathetic trunk) and prevertebral ganglia
Visceral Afferents do this (3)
1 - participate in reflexes
2 - provide feedback (short loop reflex)
3 - provide some visceral sensation (especially pain)
SNS is characterized by
divergence
What is the exception to sympathetic tone
pregang innervation of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
in sympathetic outflow soma of the pregang neuron is in the
lateral horn
axons leave the SC via the ventral root
in sympathetic outflow projection to the postgang neuron is in
sympathetic chain
The SNS postgang receptors are normally adrenergic but what are the exceptions
sweat glands (cholinergic)
Smooth muscles in blood vessels of skeletal muscle
SNS autoreceptors on the presynaptic terminal _______ NE release via _________ feedback
reduce
negative
en passant synapse
axon stimulates a synapse secondarily on its way to another neuron
1 effector cell with multiple neurons
Atropine
muscarinic antagonist
Hexamethonium
ganglionic blocker
The ANS ganglion is an integrator of these 3 inputs
1 - sensory neurons
2 - preganglionic fibers
3 - interneurons
What modulates ANS gang
Neuropeptide Y, VIP
Synergistic action of neurotransmitters of ANS gang lead to (2)
Fast and slow EPSPs and IPSPs
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla derive from the
neural crest
T or F: Chromaffin cells have preganglionic innervation
T
Chromaffin cells acts as
postganglionics (they release epinephrine and norepinephrine)
What is the only tone of the Para SNS
Vagal tone of the heart
T or F: There is innervation of body walls and limbs in the para SNS
F
Para SNS pre to post gang neuron transmission is
nicotinic cholinergic
Where are the pregang neurons of the Vagus nerve (2)
1 - dorsal motor nucleus of X
2 - Nucleus ambigus
T or F: Vagus nuclei show viscerotopic organization
T
This is an intramural system in the GI tract
Enteric
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consist of these 2 interconnected plexuses
1 - Myenteric
2 - Submucosal
The central autonomic network includes: (7)
1 - insular cortex
2 - amygdala
3 - hypothalamus
4 - periaqueductal gray
5 - parabrachial complex
6 - solitary nucleus
7 - ventrolateral medulla
What does the central autonomic network do
regulates autonomic outflow
What happens if you block post ganglionic para SNS transmission
pupillary dialation
decreased pharyngeal and bronchial secretions, gut motility increased HR and BP
3 primary causes of autonomic neuropathy
1 - familiar dysautonmia (Riley Day syndrome)
2 - multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure (shy - drager)
3 - Parkinsons
Name a few secondary causes of autonomic neuropathy
amyloidosis
HIV
Lyme
Nutritional deficiencies
Trauma
Porphyria
Porphyria
enzyme disorder that causes skin and nerve problems
symptoms of autonomic neuropathy (7)
1 - Dizziness
2 - urinary problems
3 - sexual difficulties
4 - difficulty digesting food
5 - sweat abnormalities
6 - sluggish pupil reaction
7 - decreased saliva secretion
autonomic dysreflexia
sudden onset of high blood pressure (vasoconstriction of lower 2/3)
SCI at T5 or above
stimulus below causes pain initiates response
over activity of SNS
multiple system atrophy (shy drager)
degenerative disease that develops in adulthood usually in 50-60s and affects more men than women
autonomic functions impaired
horner’s syndrome
damage to the dorsolateral pons or medulla leading to profound disturbance in SNS function
horner syndrome symptoms
ipsilateral ptosis
anhidrosis
miosis
erythema
anhidrosis
abnormal condition of no sweat
erythema
redness of the skin
3 lesions that may cause horner syndrome
1 - output from the hypothalamus 1st order
2 - pregang neurons or axons projecting to superior cervical gang (2nd order)
3 - post gang neurons or axons (3rd order)
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
developmental defect of the central autonomic network of the brainstem involved with respiratory drive
in SIDS, what may an abrupt increase in facial skin temp related to the onset of periods of apnea suggest?
there may be a broader defect in the central autonomic control
What are the 3 divisions of the ANS
1 - sympathetic
2 - parasympathetic
3 - Enteric
T or F: the SNS is continuously active
F - Parasympathetic is
This functions as fight or flight
sympathetic
this uses one neurons and used ach
somatic
T or F: autonomic innervation is one neuron
F - it is a 2 neuron chain (pre and post gang)
What neurotransmitter does the ANS use
preganglionic release ACh, postgang release ACh or norepinephrine
The SNS postgang fiber uses this neurotransmitter while the parasymp uses this NT
norepinephrine
ACh
The SNS has a _______ pregang axon, while the parasymp has a ________ pregang axon
short, long
What are the 4 receptor types for ANS
nicotinic
muscarinic
alpha or beta adrenergic
adrenergic
T or F: Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter
F - it is a hormone b/c it is released in the blood by the adrenal medulla
This receptor is on all ANS gang and all NMJ. It also uses ligand channels that let Na in and K out leading to depolarization
nicotinic
this receptor is in all parasymp but is only in sweat glands in sympathetic. it can inhibit or excite
muscarinic
T or F: muscarinic receptors uses ligand channels
F: G-coupled
slower but is sustained longer
alpha and beta adrenergic is associated with
SNS neuro-effector synapse
how does para SNS affect HR? SNS?
it decreases it
it increases it
the peripheral para SNS is found where in the body? what CN does it include?
craniosacral
CN 3,7,9,10
Sacral (S2-4)
What ganglion are in the peripheral SNS
superior cervical
inferior cervical
middle cervical
celiac
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
visceral afferents travel with SNS and para SNS fibers and their cell bodies are located here
DRG
In the SNS the synapse between the pre and post ganglion is in ________ or ______
paravertebral chain gang
prevertebral ganglion
the preganglionic receptors in the SNS are
cholinergic (nicotinic)
SNS does this to CO
increases
SNS can stimulate Beta receptors on muscle which does this
vasodilation to increased blood flow
T or F: the para SNS is more divergent than SNS
F: less
Para SNS neuron to target cell transmission is
muscarinic cholinergic
what does the vagus nerve innervate
viscera of thorax and abdomen
what does the enteric nervous system do
regulate motility and secretion
this is between longitudinal and circular muscle fibers and controls motility
myenteric
this regulates GI secretion and ion and water transport across intestinal epithelium
submucosal
What does the SNS do to the ENS? What does the para SNS do to it?
decreases activity
increases activity
dysautonomia
disorder of autonomic nervous system
what is the most common cause of fainting
vasovagal syncope
The SNS is _______ waist up and _____- waist down
stimulatory
inhibitory