Exam Three - Aging Flashcards
By age ___ the brain reaches 90% of adult volume
6
This is the last area of the brain to fully mature
prefrontal cortex
At what age is the prefrontal cortex fully developed
35
at age 40 this reaches peak volume
white matter
When does intelligence peak?
25-60
What is fluid intelligence? when does it reach its peak?
problem solving
peaks around 30
crystallized intelligence peaks at?
increases until 50
(vocabulary)
does declarative or nondeclarative memory remain intact as you age?
nondeclarative
as we age what areas of the brain shrinks
frontal lobe and hippocampus
what happens to cortical density as we age?
it thins in the cerebral cortex due to loss of synaptic connections
what happens to myelin as we age
it shrinks which leads to slower processing and reduced cognitive function
as we age these neurotransmitters decrease (4)
dopamine
ACh
Serotonin
Norepi
what is the theory behind brain aging
last in, first out
last parts of the brain to develop are the first ones to deteriorate
what can the decrease in neurotransmitters lead to as we age
decline in cognition and memory along with increased risk in depression
total brain volumne begins to decline in ___ and speeds up decline in your _____-
40s
60s
as we age there is a decline in cortical thickness that is most pronounces in these lobes
frontal and temporal
these fibers are the last to mature and first to show functional decline
association fibers
T or F: there is a reduced ability to take up and use glucose as we age
T
A buildup of these contributes to cellular degeneration in healthy aging brain
proteins and other cell components
This cellular machinery involved in protein breakdown and recycling degrades with age
lysosomes
these cells become more reactive with aging
microglia
T or F: there is an increased anti inflammatory response in the brain as we age
F: inflammatory
there is a reduction in production of anti-inflammatory cytokines
T or F: microglia of the aged brain show deficient phagocytic activity and impaired mobility
T
The primed profile of microglia is associated with aging as well as ____
chronic psychological stress
in the hippocampus there is impaired synaptic plasticity shown as age dependent decline in __- amplitude
LTP
because the hippocampus is altered as we age, there is reduced performance in
spatial learning and memory task
in aged monkeys they have increased ______ and decreased _____-
nonsynaptic and single synaptic boutons
multisynaptic boutons
heterochronic parabiosis study
fuse the blood supply of old and young mice
this leads to rescue in decline of LTP
increased spine density
GDF11 is gene for hippocampal rejuvenation
cognitive processes mediated by the _____ and _______ are most vulnerable to aging
hippocampus (declarative memory)
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (working memory)
T or F: age related cognitive decline is more likely to be associated with neuronal loss
F: alterations in synaptic connectivity
Why are cognitive functions that are mediated by PFC so vulnerable to aging
because of the requirement for extensive synaptive plasticity
in what layer is there substantial synapse loss
layer 1 and 3
because of the synapse loss in layers 1 and 3, there is a potential loss of _____ rather than actual neuron loss
neurophil
what synapses account for the majority of lost synapses
glutamatergic
synapse loss in this layer correlated with the degree of cognitive impairement
3
T or F: dendritic arborization diminished with age
F
Spine density is
super agers
individuals over the age of 80 who have memories as sharp as healthy people much younger
this in midlife may accelerate brain aging
obesity
people who experience least declines in cognition and memory have these similar charcteristics
regular PA
intellectually stimulating activities
socially active
managing stress
healthy diet
sleep
physical activity slows brain aging by
10 years
a combo of aerobic and resistance exercise of moderate intensity for at least ___ minutes each session on as many days of the week boosts brain power in people over 50
45
T or F: dancing has an anti-aging effect on the brain
T
von economo neurons
rare, spindle-shaped cells present only in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and prefrontal cortex
what population are von economo neurons more numerous in
super agers
what brain area makes the difference in super agers
ventral visual cortex
