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Neuroscience > Exam Three - Aging > Flashcards

Exam Three - Aging Flashcards

1
Q

By age ___ the brain reaches 90% of adult volume

A

6

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2
Q

This is the last area of the brain to fully mature

A

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

At what age is the prefrontal cortex fully developed

A

35

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4
Q

at age 40 this reaches peak volume

A

white matter

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5
Q

When does intelligence peak?

A

25-60

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6
Q

What is fluid intelligence? when does it reach its peak?

A

problem solving
peaks around 30

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7
Q

crystallized intelligence peaks at?

A

increases until 50
(vocabulary)

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8
Q

does declarative or nondeclarative memory remain intact as you age?

A

nondeclarative

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9
Q

as we age what areas of the brain shrinks

A

frontal lobe and hippocampus

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10
Q

what happens to cortical density as we age?

A

it thins in the cerebral cortex due to loss of synaptic connections

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11
Q

what happens to myelin as we age

A

it shrinks which leads to slower processing and reduced cognitive function

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12
Q

as we age these neurotransmitters decrease (4)

A

dopamine
ACh
Serotonin
Norepi

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13
Q

what is the theory behind brain aging

A

last in, first out
last parts of the brain to develop are the first ones to deteriorate

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14
Q

what can the decrease in neurotransmitters lead to as we age

A

decline in cognition and memory along with increased risk in depression

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15
Q

total brain volumne begins to decline in ___ and speeds up decline in your _____-

A

40s
60s

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16
Q

as we age there is a decline in cortical thickness that is most pronounces in these lobes

A

frontal and temporal

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17
Q

these fibers are the last to mature and first to show functional decline

A

association fibers

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18
Q

T or F: there is a reduced ability to take up and use glucose as we age

A

T

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19
Q

A buildup of these contributes to cellular degeneration in healthy aging brain

A

proteins and other cell components

20
Q

This cellular machinery involved in protein breakdown and recycling degrades with age

A

lysosomes

21
Q

these cells become more reactive with aging

A

microglia

22
Q

T or F: there is an increased anti inflammatory response in the brain as we age

A

F: inflammatory
there is a reduction in production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

T or F: microglia of the aged brain show deficient phagocytic activity and impaired mobility

A

T

24
Q

The primed profile of microglia is associated with aging as well as ____

A

chronic psychological stress

25
Q

in the hippocampus there is impaired synaptic plasticity shown as age dependent decline in __- amplitude

A

LTP

26
Q

because the hippocampus is altered as we age, there is reduced performance in

A

spatial learning and memory task

27
Q

in aged monkeys they have increased ______ and decreased _____-

A

nonsynaptic and single synaptic boutons
multisynaptic boutons

28
Q

heterochronic parabiosis study

A

fuse the blood supply of old and young mice
this leads to rescue in decline of LTP
increased spine density
GDF11 is gene for hippocampal rejuvenation

29
Q

cognitive processes mediated by the _____ and _______ are most vulnerable to aging

A

hippocampus (declarative memory)
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (working memory)

30
Q

T or F: age related cognitive decline is more likely to be associated with neuronal loss

A

F: alterations in synaptic connectivity

31
Q

Why are cognitive functions that are mediated by PFC so vulnerable to aging

A

because of the requirement for extensive synaptive plasticity

32
Q

in what layer is there substantial synapse loss

A

layer 1 and 3

33
Q

because of the synapse loss in layers 1 and 3, there is a potential loss of _____ rather than actual neuron loss

A

neurophil

34
Q

what synapses account for the majority of lost synapses

A

glutamatergic

35
Q

synapse loss in this layer correlated with the degree of cognitive impairement

A

3

36
Q

T or F: dendritic arborization diminished with age

A

F
Spine density is

37
Q

super agers

A

individuals over the age of 80 who have memories as sharp as healthy people much younger

38
Q

this in midlife may accelerate brain aging

A

obesity

39
Q

people who experience least declines in cognition and memory have these similar charcteristics

A

regular PA
intellectually stimulating activities
socially active
managing stress
healthy diet
sleep

40
Q

physical activity slows brain aging by

A

10 years

41
Q

a combo of aerobic and resistance exercise of moderate intensity for at least ___ minutes each session on as many days of the week boosts brain power in people over 50

A

45

42
Q

T or F: dancing has an anti-aging effect on the brain

A

T

43
Q

von economo neurons

A

rare, spindle-shaped cells present only in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and prefrontal cortex

44
Q

what population are von economo neurons more numerous in

A

super agers

45
Q

what brain area makes the difference in super agers

A

ventral visual cortex

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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