Exam One - Basic design and terminology Flashcards
What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
- encased in bone
-depends on PNS for input and output
What makes up the PNS?
Spinal and cranial nerves
What are the two subdivisions under PSN?
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
What are the 3 subdivisions under the ANS?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right portions
transverse plane
axial or horizontal plane
divides body into superior and inferior portions
coronal plane
frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
neuraxis
axis of NS, during embryonic development, the neuraxis is bent by flexures, therefore, the anatomical terminology for the skull and brain reflects the deformed neuraxis in humans
caudal
towards feet
rostral
towards nose
Why do humans have a deformed neuraxis?
bipedalism
What part of a neuron receives signals?
dentrites, dendritic spines, soma
What is the integrator for the signal
dendrites, soma
axon hillock
what conducts the signal
axon
What are the different kinds of axons?
unipolar
bipolar
pseudo-unipolar
multipolar (motor neuron!!)
What are the 3 classifications of neurons based on function?
motor
sensory
interneurons
nucleus
occupies the central portion of the soma
rough ER
highly developed and responsible for protein synthesis
golgi apparatus
responsible for the packaging or the proteins synthesized in the rough ER
mitochondria
are responsible for the synthesis of ATP needed for the conduction of nerve impulses and for intracellular transport
cytoskeleton
provides structural support to the soma and to processes, made up of intermediate filaments and microtubules, maintains the shape and is responsible for intraceullar transport
inclusion bodies
are the residual bodies left in the cell body after lysosomal degradation
T or F? dendrites diameter decreases as they divide into more branches
true
________ are the sites of synapse formation between excitatory neurons in the mammalian brain
dendritic spines
newborns have __________ dendritic spine
few
Aberrant spine pruning is a hallmark of which neurodevelopmental disorder?
autism
dendritic spine density __________ as children grow and learn
increases
What is a hallmark of early neurodegeneration?
reduced spine density
T or F? axons have a constant diameter through their length?
true
Where do axons originate
axon hillock
Anterograde axonal transport
from soma to axon terminal
mediated by motor protein kinesin
fast vesicular transport
slow cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins
retrograde axonal transport
from axon terminal back to soma
recycles terminal components
mediated by protein dynein
defective anterograde transport
-associated with metabolic diseases
- degeneration of distal regions first (“die-back” phenomenon)
- the 1st neurological signs are commonly seen as either sensory or motor impairment in feet and hands (“stocking-glove pattern” of peripheral neuropathy)
What neuropathies is die back phenomena most likely seen in
diabetes
alcoholism
pernicious anemia (Vit B12 deficiency)
die back phenomena
impaired axonal transport leads to the inability of neurons to maintain nutrition and metabolic needs of their termini
tetanus toxin
hijacks retrograde axonal transport to travel to CNS and cause painful muscle contractions
PNS glial cells
satellite
schwann
satellite cells
support cell bodies
schwann cells
create myelin
support growth and repair of axon
one cell myelinates one axon
CNS glial cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocytes
form myelin
one cell myelinates multiple axons
astrocytes (2 types)
- protoplasmic (grey matter)
-fibrous (white matter)
** radial glia - guides radial migration of newborn neurons
microglia
immune cell macrophages in the brain
ependymal
form the lining of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
gray matter
- collection of somas
- consists of cerebrum and cerebellum
- nuclei in CNS
-ganglia in PNS
white matter
- collection of axons
- tracts in cns
- nerve roots and rami in pns
major subdivisions of the brain
1 - cerebrum
2 - cerebellum
3 - diencephalon/thalamus/hypothalamus
4 - brainstem
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobes on the lateral and medial surfaces
lateral sulcus
separate the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
preoccipital botch
a drpression in the inferior margin of the cerebral cortex viewed from the side
separates the parietal and occipital lobes
parietaooccipital fissure
separates the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes
