Exam One - Basic design and terminology

Question 1

What makes up the CNS?

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord
- encased in bone
-depends on PNS for input and output

Question 2

What makes up the PNS?

Answer 2

Spinal and cranial nerves

Question 3

What are the two subdivisions under PSN?

Answer 3

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

Question 4

What are the 3 subdivisions under the ANS?

Answer 4

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

Question 5

sagittal plane

Answer 5

divides body into left and right portions

Question 6

transverse plane

Answer 6

axial or horizontal plane
divides body into superior and inferior portions

Question 7

coronal plane

Answer 7

frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Question 8

neuraxis

Answer 8

axis of NS, during embryonic development, the neuraxis is bent by flexures, therefore, the anatomical terminology for the skull and brain reflects the deformed neuraxis in humans

Question 9

caudal

Answer 9

towards feet

Question 10

rostral

Answer 10

towards nose

Question 11

Why do humans have a deformed neuraxis?

Answer 11

bipedalism

Question 12

What part of a neuron receives signals?

Answer 12

dentrites, dendritic spines, soma

Question 13

What is the integrator for the signal

Answer 13

dendrites, soma
axon hillock

Question 14

what conducts the signal

Answer 14

axon

Question 15

What are the different kinds of axons?

Answer 15

unipolar
bipolar
pseudo-unipolar
multipolar (motor neuron!!)

Question 16

What are the 3 classifications of neurons based on function?

Answer 16

motor
sensory
interneurons

Question 17

nucleus

Answer 17

occupies the central portion of the soma

Question 18

rough ER

Answer 18

highly developed and responsible for protein synthesis

Question 19

golgi apparatus

Answer 19

responsible for the packaging or the proteins synthesized in the rough ER

Question 20

mitochondria

Answer 20

are responsible for the synthesis of ATP needed for the conduction of nerve impulses and for intracellular transport

Question 21

cytoskeleton

Answer 21

provides structural support to the soma and to processes, made up of intermediate filaments and microtubules, maintains the shape and is responsible for intraceullar transport

Question 22

inclusion bodies

Answer 22

are the residual bodies left in the cell body after lysosomal degradation

Question 23

T or F? dendrites diameter decreases as they divide into more branches

Answer 23

true

Question 24

________ are the sites of synapse formation between excitatory neurons in the mammalian brain

Answer 24

dendritic spines

Question 25

newborns have __________ dendritic spine

Answer 25

few

Question 26

Aberrant spine pruning is a hallmark of which neurodevelopmental disorder?

Answer 26

autism

Question 27

dendritic spine density __________ as children grow and learn

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

What is a hallmark of early neurodegeneration?

Answer 28

reduced spine density

Question 29

T or F? axons have a constant diameter through their length?

Answer 29

true

Question 30

Where do axons originate

Answer 30

axon hillock

Question 31

Anterograde axonal transport

Answer 31

from soma to axon terminal
mediated by motor protein kinesin
fast vesicular transport
slow cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins

Question 32

retrograde axonal transport

Answer 32

from axon terminal back to soma
recycles terminal components
mediated by protein dynein

Question 33

defective anterograde transport

Answer 33

-associated with metabolic diseases
- degeneration of distal regions first (“die-back” phenomenon)
- the 1st neurological signs are commonly seen as either sensory or motor impairment in feet and hands (“stocking-glove pattern” of peripheral neuropathy)

Question 34

What neuropathies is die back phenomena most likely seen in

Answer 34

diabetes
alcoholism
pernicious anemia (Vit B12 deficiency)

Question 35

die back phenomena

Answer 35

impaired axonal transport leads to the inability of neurons to maintain nutrition and metabolic needs of their termini

Question 36

tetanus toxin

Answer 36

hijacks retrograde axonal transport to travel to CNS and cause painful muscle contractions

Question 37

PNS glial cells

Answer 37

satellite
schwann

Question 38

satellite cells

Answer 38

support cell bodies

Question 39

schwann cells

Answer 39

create myelin
support growth and repair of axon
one cell myelinates one axon

Question 40

CNS glial cells

Answer 40

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal

Question 41

oligodendrocytes

Answer 41

form myelin
one cell myelinates multiple axons

Question 42

astrocytes (2 types)

Answer 42

• protoplasmic (grey matter)
  -fibrous (white matter)
  ** radial glia - guides radial migration of newborn neurons

Question 43

microglia

Answer 43

immune cell macrophages in the brain

Question 44

ependymal

Answer 44

form the lining of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

Question 45

gray matter

Answer 45

• collection of somas
• consists of cerebrum and cerebellum
• nuclei in CNS
  -ganglia in PNS

Question 46

white matter

Answer 46

• collection of axons
• tracts in cns
• nerve roots and rami in pns

Question 47

major subdivisions of the brain

Answer 47

1 - cerebrum
2 - cerebellum
3 - diencephalon/thalamus/hypothalamus
4 - brainstem

Question 48

central sulcus

Answer 48

separates the frontal and parietal lobes on the lateral and medial surfaces

Question 49

lateral sulcus

Answer 49

separate the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

Question 50

preoccipital botch

Answer 50

a drpression in the inferior margin of the cerebral cortex viewed from the side
separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Question 51

parietaooccipital fissure

Answer 51

separates the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes