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Neuroscience > Exam One - Meninges, CSF, and Neurovasculature of Brain > Flashcards

Exam One - Meninges, CSF, and Neurovasculature of Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Which meninges develop from the neural crest?

A

pia and arachnoid

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2
Q

Which meninges develop from the mesoderm

A

dural

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3
Q

how many layers are the embryonic meninges?

A

single layered

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4
Q

when do the 3 layer meninges develop by?

A

end of the first trimester

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5
Q

What are the 3 roles of the meninges?

A

protection
supportive framework
enclose a fluid filled cavity

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6
Q

Name the layers from outer most to inner most

A

periosteal dura
meningeal dura
dural border cell
arachnoid barrier cells
basement membrane
arachnoid trabeculae
pia mater
basement membrane

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7
Q

What constitutes leptomeninges?

A

arachnoid and pia

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8
Q

meningeal dura separates from periosteal dura at specific locations called ___________

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

falx cerebri

A

longitudinal fissue between cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

horizontal between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

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11
Q

name the cranial venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight
confluence of sinuses

transverse
sigmoid
sup and inf petrosal sinuses

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12
Q

supratentorial cavity

A

superior to tentorium cerebelli with right and left halves, contains the hemispheres

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13
Q

infratentorial cavity

A

inferior to tentorium cerebelli, contains the brainstem and the cerebellum

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14
Q

herniation syndromes

A

occur when brain tissue, blood, or csf shift from their normal position inside the skull across structures such as flax cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and foramen magnum

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15
Q

herniation type 1

A

subfalcine (cingulate) herniation:
- one cerebral hemisphere herniates under the flax cerebri (most common)

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16
Q

herniation type 2a

A

central (downward transtentorial) herniation: diencephalon and part of temporal lobes are squeezed through a notch into tentorium cerebelli

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17
Q

herniation type 3

A

uncal (transtentorial) herniation: the medial temporal lobe (uncus) herniates over the edge of tentorium cerebelli

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18
Q

herniation 2b

A

central (upward transtentorial) herniation: an infratentorial mass (tumor, cerebellar hemorrhage) compresses the brainstem, twisting it and causing patchy brainstem ischemia *more serious than 2a

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19
Q

herniation 4

A

cerebellar-tonsillar herniation: the cerebellum undergoes downward herniation through the foramen magnum

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20
Q

What causes herniation syndromes?

A

develops as a complication of a disorder that causes increased intracranial pressure

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21
Q

increased intracranial pressure may be caused by…

A
  • space occupying lesions
  • generalized swelling or edema of the brain
  • increased venous pressure
  • obstruction of csf flow
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22
Q

meninges of the spinal cord

A

spinal dura - single layer corresponding to meningeal dural
- epidural space (not in brain)
- spinal arachnoid
-subarachnoid space
- spinal pia (denticulate lig, filum terminale)

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23
Q

spinal cord ends at

A

conus medullaris (L1-2)

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24
Q

spinal dura ends at

A

S2

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25
Q

epidural space

A

between dura and vertebral periosteum
- contains fatty tissue, loose connective tissue, and epidural venus plexus
- extends from the base of the skull to S2 vertebrae

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26
Q

tethered cord syndrome is a defect of what?

A

secondary neurulation

  • conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally fixed to the vertebral column
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27
Q

clinical signs of tethered cord syndrome

A
  • lower extremety weakness
  • sensory loss
  • asymmetrical growth of legs and feet
  • bowel and bladder disfunction
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28
Q

What allows suspension of the csn?

A
  • periosteal dura serves as periosteum of the cranium
  • adhesion between dura and arachnoid
  • adhesion of pia to arachnoid by trabeculae
  • pia adhesion to brain
  • denticulate ligamnets
  • buoyancy in csf
29
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the pia-arachnoid and fluid built up in the resulting enclosed space

30
Q

is viral or bacterial meningitis more severe?

A

bacterial
- viral is more frequent and less severe

31
Q

what are clinical signs of meningitis

A

fever, headache, stiff and painful neck, acutely ill, may have depressed consciousness
- increased csf may compress CNS structures leading to impaired mental status, seizures, hemiparesis, and cranial nerve palsy

32
Q

CSF produced?

A

produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain

composition is like plasma except it has few cells and very little protein/cholesterol

33
Q

What is the major way to clear CSF from the cranium

A
  • arachnoid projections
34
Q

arachnoid granulations (villi)

A

protusions into the superior sagittal sinus, transport csf from the subarachnoid space into the venous system

35
Q

in which direction does csf flow?

A

down the pressure gradient

36
Q

extradural (epidural) hemorrhage

A

bleeding inside the skull but outside the dura
-fast

37
Q

subdural hemorrhage

A

blood collects at dura-arachnoid junction, but still outside the brain
-slow, really dangerous

38
Q

what is the main cause of meningeal hemorrhages?

A

TBI

39
Q

Main role of brain ventricles

A

production and circulation of csf

40
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles
  • layer of cuboidal epithelial cells
    -luminal surface ciliated with microvilli
  • base is connected with the subependymal layer of astrocytic processes
41
Q

tanycytes

A

extend processes through astrocytic layer to blood vessels from nutrient transport

42
Q

choroid plexus represents the…

A

blood-csf barrier

43
Q

cause of hydrocephalus

A

blockage of the csf movement or failure of the absorption mechanism that results in csf accumulation in ventricles

44
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus

A
  • due to blockage of flow of csf
  • occurs where there is no choroid plexus
45
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • overproduction or decreased absorption of csf
46
Q

What are the 2 major arterial systems serving the brain?

A

-vertebral-basilar artery
- internal carotid artery

47
Q

VBA and ICA unite to form

A

circle of willis

48
Q

ICA supplies

A

most of the telencephalon and diencephalon

49
Q

VBA supplies

A

brainstem, cerebellum, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes and diencephalon

50
Q

circle of willis suppllies

A

deep cerebral structures

51
Q

branches off ICA

A
  • middle cerebral
    -anterior cerebral
  • posterior communicating
    -anterior communicating
52
Q

branches off VA

A

anterior spinal
posterior spinal
post. inferior cerebellar a. (PICA)

53
Q

branches off BA

A
  • anterior inferior a (AICA)
  • superior cerebellar
    posterior cerebral
54
Q

circle of willis encircles…

A

optic chiasm, infundibulum of pituitary gland, mammillary bodies (hypothalamus)

55
Q

MCA supplies…

A

lateral surface of frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

56
Q

What are segements off MCA

A
  • lenticulostriate arteries (LCA)
  • M1
57
Q

M1 supplies…

A

medial temporal lobe and lenticulostriate a

58
Q

Where do aneurysms on the MCA frequently arise?

A

bifurcation of M1 trunks

59
Q

ACA supplies…

A

medial portion of the cerebral hemispheres
30-50% of intracranial aneurisms are found at ACA - proximity to optic chiasm results in visual deficits

60
Q

PCA supplies

A

midbrain, thalamus, and ventral and medial surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes

61
Q

watershed infarcts

A

lateral surfaces where ACA, MCA, and PCA overlap
- inadequate perfusion of the border zones may result in watershed infarcts caused by hypotension, vasculities, or blot cloth obstruction

62
Q

cause of most neurological deficits in CNS is…

A

cerebrovascular accidents

63
Q

ischemia

A

reduced blood supply - more dangerous

64
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

bleeding into cns

65
Q

risk factors for CVAs

A

hypertension, anticoagulation and or inherited coagulation deficit

66
Q

3 causes for CVAs

A
  • aneurysm
    -embolism
    -arteriovenous malformation
67
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation of a vessel wall - usually an artery

68
Q

embolism

A

occlusion of a cerebral vessel by clot, tumor or bacteria

69
Q

arteriovenous malformation

A

communication between major arteries and veins do not develop normally

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