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Neuroscience > Exam One - Meninges, CSF, and Neurovasculature of Brain > Flashcards

Exam One - Meninges, CSF, and Neurovasculature of Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Which meninges develop from the neural crest?

A

pia and arachnoid

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2
Q

Which meninges develop from the mesoderm

A

dural

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3
Q

how many layers are the embryonic meninges?

A

single layered

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4
Q

when do the 3 layer meninges develop by?

A

end of the first trimester

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5
Q

What are the 3 roles of the meninges?

A

protection
supportive framework
enclose a fluid filled cavity

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6
Q

Name the layers from outer most to inner most

A

periosteal dura
meningeal dura
dural border cell
arachnoid barrier cells
basement membrane
arachnoid trabeculae
pia mater
basement membrane

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7
Q

What constitutes leptomeninges?

A

arachnoid and pia

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8
Q

meningeal dura separates from periosteal dura at specific locations called ___________

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

falx cerebri

A

longitudinal fissue between cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

horizontal between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

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11
Q

name the cranial venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight
confluence of sinuses

transverse
sigmoid
sup and inf petrosal sinuses

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12
Q

supratentorial cavity

A

superior to tentorium cerebelli with right and left halves, contains the hemispheres

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13
Q

infratentorial cavity

A

inferior to tentorium cerebelli, contains the brainstem and the cerebellum

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14
Q

herniation syndromes

A

occur when brain tissue, blood, or csf shift from their normal position inside the skull across structures such as flax cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and foramen magnum

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15
Q

herniation type 1

A

subfalcine (cingulate) herniation:
- one cerebral hemisphere herniates under the flax cerebri (most common)

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16
Q

herniation type 2a

A

central (downward transtentorial) herniation: diencephalon and part of temporal lobes are squeezed through a notch into tentorium cerebelli

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17
Q

herniation type 3

A

uncal (transtentorial) herniation: the medial temporal lobe (uncus) herniates over the edge of tentorium cerebelli

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18
Q

herniation 2b

A

central (upward transtentorial) herniation: an infratentorial mass (tumor, cerebellar hemorrhage) compresses the brainstem, twisting it and causing patchy brainstem ischemia *more serious than 2a

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19
Q

herniation 4

A

cerebellar-tonsillar herniation: the cerebellum undergoes downward herniation through the foramen magnum

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20
Q

What causes herniation syndromes?

A

develops as a complication of a disorder that causes increased intracranial pressure

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21
Q

increased intracranial pressure may be caused by…

A
  • space occupying lesions
  • generalized swelling or edema of the brain
  • increased venous pressure
  • obstruction of csf flow
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22
Q

meninges of the spinal cord

A

spinal dura - single layer corresponding to meningeal dural
- epidural space (not in brain)
- spinal arachnoid
-subarachnoid space
- spinal pia (denticulate lig, filum terminale)

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23
Q

spinal cord ends at

A

conus medullaris (L1-2)

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24
Q

spinal dura ends at

A

S2

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25
epidural space
between dura and vertebral periosteum - contains fatty tissue, loose connective tissue, and epidural venus plexus - extends from the base of the skull to S2 vertebrae
26
tethered cord syndrome is a defect of what?
secondary neurulation - conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally fixed to the vertebral column
27
clinical signs of tethered cord syndrome
- lower extremety weakness - sensory loss - asymmetrical growth of legs and feet - bowel and bladder disfunction
28
What allows suspension of the csn?
- periosteal dura serves as periosteum of the cranium - adhesion between dura and arachnoid - adhesion of pia to arachnoid by trabeculae - pia adhesion to brain - denticulate ligamnets - buoyancy in csf
29
meningitis
inflammation of the pia-arachnoid and fluid built up in the resulting enclosed space
30
is viral or bacterial meningitis more severe?
bacterial - viral is more frequent and less severe
31
what are clinical signs of meningitis
fever, headache, stiff and painful neck, acutely ill, may have depressed consciousness - increased csf may compress CNS structures leading to impaired mental status, seizures, hemiparesis, and cranial nerve palsy
32
CSF produced?
produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain composition is like plasma except it has few cells and very little protein/cholesterol
33
What is the major way to clear CSF from the cranium
- arachnoid projections
34
arachnoid granulations (villi)
protusions into the superior sagittal sinus, transport csf from the subarachnoid space into the venous system
35
in which direction does csf flow?
down the pressure gradient
36
extradural (epidural) hemorrhage
bleeding inside the skull but outside the dura -fast
37
subdural hemorrhage
blood collects at dura-arachnoid junction, but still outside the brain -slow, really dangerous
38
what is the main cause of meningeal hemorrhages?
TBI
39
Main role of brain ventricles
production and circulation of csf
40
ependymal cells
- line ventricles - layer of cuboidal epithelial cells -luminal surface ciliated with microvilli - base is connected with the subependymal layer of astrocytic processes
41
tanycytes
extend processes through astrocytic layer to blood vessels from nutrient transport
42
choroid plexus represents the...
blood-csf barrier
43
cause of hydrocephalus
blockage of the csf movement or failure of the absorption mechanism that results in csf accumulation in ventricles
44
obstructive hydrocephalus
- due to blockage of flow of csf - occurs where there is no choroid plexus
45
communicating hydrocephalus
- overproduction or decreased absorption of csf
46
What are the 2 major arterial systems serving the brain?
-vertebral-basilar artery - internal carotid artery
47
VBA and ICA unite to form
circle of willis
48
ICA supplies
most of the telencephalon and diencephalon
49
VBA supplies
brainstem, cerebellum, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes and diencephalon
50
circle of willis suppllies
deep cerebral structures
51
branches off ICA
- middle cerebral -anterior cerebral - posterior communicating -anterior communicating
52
branches off VA
anterior spinal posterior spinal post. inferior cerebellar a. (PICA)
53
branches off BA
- anterior inferior a (AICA) - superior cerebellar posterior cerebral
54
circle of willis encircles...
optic chiasm, infundibulum of pituitary gland, mammillary bodies (hypothalamus)
55
MCA supplies...
lateral surface of frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
56
What are segements off MCA
- lenticulostriate arteries (LCA) - M1
57
M1 supplies...
medial temporal lobe and lenticulostriate a
58
Where do aneurysms on the MCA frequently arise?
bifurcation of M1 trunks
59
ACA supplies...
medial portion of the cerebral hemispheres 30-50% of intracranial aneurisms are found at ACA - proximity to optic chiasm results in visual deficits
60
PCA supplies
midbrain, thalamus, and ventral and medial surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes
61
watershed infarcts
lateral surfaces where ACA, MCA, and PCA overlap - inadequate perfusion of the border zones may result in watershed infarcts caused by hypotension, vasculities, or blot cloth obstruction
62
cause of most neurological deficits in CNS is...
cerebrovascular accidents
63
ischemia
reduced blood supply - more dangerous
64
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding into cns
65
risk factors for CVAs
hypertension, anticoagulation and or inherited coagulation deficit
66
3 causes for CVAs
- aneurysm -embolism -arteriovenous malformation
67
aneurysm
dilation of a vessel wall - usually an artery
68
embolism
occlusion of a cerebral vessel by clot, tumor or bacteria
69
arteriovenous malformation
communication between major arteries and veins do not develop normally

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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