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Neuroscience > Exam Three - Cortex > Flashcards

Exam Three - Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

neurons in the cerebral cortex receive input from subcortical structure via the ____ and from other areas via ______-

A

thalamus
association fibers

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2
Q

how many layers does the neocortex have

A

6

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3
Q

how many layers does the medial temporal lobe and olfactory have

A

3

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4
Q

what is the most common type of neuron in the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal cells

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5
Q

t or f: pyramidal cells are found in all layers

A

f - not layer one

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6
Q

in what layers are pyramidal cells most prominant

A

2,3,5

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7
Q

apical and basal dedrites are characterized by

A

dendritic spines

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8
Q

what is the primary output pathway for the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal cells

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9
Q

gaint pyramidal cells of betz are found exclusively in the _______- and project to _________ in the lumbar SC

A

primary motor cortex
anterior horn

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10
Q

t or f: pyramidal cells are primarily glutaminergic

A

t

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11
Q

where do axons of pyramidal cells terminate (3)

A

1 - association cortex
2 - cross in corpus callosum
3 - project in white matter

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12
Q

this layer has parallel running axons

A

1

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13
Q

this layer had granule cells and pyramidal

A

2

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14
Q

this layer has smooth and spiny stellate cells and thalamocortical input

A

4

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15
Q

pyramidal cells in the _____ give rise to corticocortical projections

A

outer cortex

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16
Q

t or f: corticocortical fibers synapse in all layers

A

t

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17
Q

this layer has pyramidal cells that project everywhere

A

5

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18
Q

homotypical

A

evenly distributed layers
ex - occipital visual association area 19

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19
Q

area 19

A

visual association cortex

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20
Q

hetertypical

A

not even laters
ex: primary sensory cortex
primary motor cortex

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21
Q

area 17

A

primary visual cortex

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22
Q

area 4

A

primary motor cortex

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23
Q

area 3,1,2

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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24
Q

in this cortex layer 4 is thick while in this cortex layer five is thick

A

primary sensory
primary motor

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25
Q

what supplies blood to the cerebral cortex

A

ACA
PCA
MCA

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26
Q

anterior infarct

A

ACA and MCA

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27
Q

posterior infarct

A

MCA
PCA

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28
Q

areas 3,12 receive input from ____ and _______

A

VPL and VPM

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29
Q

area 17 receives input from

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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30
Q

occipital and temporal lobes are reciprocally connected with the _______-

A

pulvinar

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31
Q

area 41, 42

A

primary auditory cortex

32
Q

auditory receives input from

A

medial geniculate nuclei

33
Q

limbic-cingulate gyrus receives info from

A

anterior thalamic nucleus

34
Q

area 22

A

wernicke’s area

35
Q

area 44,45

A

broca’s area

36
Q

4 functional categories of cerebral cortex

A

sensory
motor
unimodal association
multimodal association

37
Q

primary sensory area except olfaction receives info via

A

thalamocortical fibers

38
Q

what is the temporal lobe involved in

A

audition
memory
language (geniculocalcarine radiations meyers loop)

39
Q

4 clinical signs/symptoms associated with the temporal lobe

A

1 - kluver bucy syndrome
2 - alzheimers
3 - korsakoff syndrome
4 - wernickes aphasia

40
Q

kluver - bucy syndrom

A

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety
examines objects by mouth

41
Q

primary sensory loss

A

loss of tactile localization and proprioception
change in awareness of head position and movement
loss of localization of sound
homonymous hemianopsia

42
Q

secondary sensory area disorders (2)

A

agnosia
astereognosis

43
Q

agnosia

A

the inability to recognize familiar objects

44
Q

asterognosis

A

inability to recognize objects by sense of touch

45
Q

apraxia

A

impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function
may involve premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, or inferior parietal lobe

46
Q

2 types of apraxia

A

verbal and constructional

47
Q

verbal apraxia

A

broca’s aphasia
Pt knows the word but has difficulty coordinating the muscle movement

48
Q

constructional apraxia

A

inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole (draw and arrange objects)

49
Q

primary motor damage is characterized by

A

contralateral paresis loss of isolated movements

50
Q

dysarthria

A

slurred speed
*primary motor cortex damage

51
Q

unimodal association cortex

A

higher-order processing takes place mostly for a single sensory or motor modality, usually located adjacent to a primary motor or sensory area

52
Q

examples of unimodal association corticeso

A

visual unimodal association

53
Q

where is the visual unimodal association cortex and what does it do?

A

occipital lobe outside of 17 and inferior temporal lobe
overall perception of visual world

54
Q

remaining portions of the cerebral cortex that are not motor in function are classified as

A

multimodal association cortex

55
Q

what are multimodal association cortices critical for

A

language, reasoning, planning, imagination, and creativity

56
Q

3 multimodal association areas

A

posterior association area
anterior association area
limbic association area

57
Q

the cerebral hemisphere that controls language is called

A

dominant hemisphere

58
Q

t or f: in majority of individuals the right hemisphere is dominant

A

f - left

59
Q

what 3 lobes are responsible for comprehension and expression of language

A

frontal, parietal, and temporal

60
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

condition resulting from damage to brocas area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently to mispronounce words and to speak haltingly

61
Q

what causes broca’s aphasia

A

tumor of the mca

62
Q

wenickes aphasia

A

condition resulting from damage to wenickes area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

63
Q

what causes wernickes aphasia

A

MCA damage
thalamic tumors

64
Q

what causes global aphasia

A

occluded left internal carotid artery or most proximal portion of mca
** affects both brocas and wernickes area

65
Q

comparable areas of the _______ and ____ lobes on the right hemispheres contribute to prosody of language

A

frontal and temporal

66
Q

prosody of language

A

variations in pitch, loudness, temp rhythm and emotions

67
Q

parietal association cortex

A

spatial awareness and attention

68
Q

where is the parietal association cortex

A

in the non dominant hemisphere

69
Q

contralateral neglect

A

a disturbance of the patient’s ability to respond to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to a site of brain damage, usually the left side of the body following damage to the right parietal lobe

70
Q

dressing apraxia

A

ignoring left side of body when dressing

71
Q

what are the 4 A’s

A

aphasia
apraxia
agnosia
asteognosis

72
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

planning, decision making, complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, social behavior

73
Q

In phineas gage what was damaged

A

left and right prefrontal cortices ** this caused him to be highly distractible, lack foresight, ambition, responsibility, and be stubborn

74
Q

what was gage verbally aggressive but not physically

A

because verbal aggression is from the pre-frontal cortex (which was damaged) but physical aggression is from the amygdala

75
Q

what were prefrontal lobotomies used for?

A

calming patients with OCD, chronic anxiety, schizophrenia

76
Q

cortical stroke signs

A

contralateral weakness and spasticity
gait and balance impairements
apraxias
hemianesthesia

77
Q

cortical stroke distinguishing features

A
  • extremities may show different degrees of involvement
  • visual field deficits
  • disorders of higher cortical functions

Neuroscience (25 decks)

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