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Neuroscience > Exam One - Diencephalon and Telencephalon > Flashcards

Exam One - Diencephalon and Telencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon?

A

1 - thalamus
2 - hypothalamus
3 - epithalamus (pineal gland/habenula)
4 - subthalamus

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2
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

involved in movement regulation with the basal ganglia.
neurons are excitatory glutaminergic neurons projecting to the internal globus pallidus

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3
Q

habenula

A

connects the limbic system and basal ganglia through the stria medullaris. also sends fibers to dopamine releasing midbrain structure. involved in drug addiction.

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4
Q

infundibulum

A

pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary

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5
Q

mammillary body

A

part of the hypothalamus, connect to hippocampus, involved in new memory formation

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6
Q

anterior perforated substance

A

grey matter with small holes created by lenticulostriate arteries, perforating arteries of the ACA and MCA which travel through this area and supply the internal capsule (IC) and the basal ganglia (nuclei)

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7
Q

posterior perforated substance

A

located in the interpeduncular fossa, perforated by many small holes created by small branches of the PCA, going to the thalamus

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8
Q

What supplies blood to the diencephalon?

A

circle of willis

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9
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

wall of the 3rd ventricle

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10
Q

What are thalamic nuclei connected by?

A

massa intermedia (interthalamic adhesion)

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11
Q

Why is the thalamus the “gate” to the cortex?

A

functions in sensory, motor, and limbic systems by gating of integrated motor and sensory input to and from the cortex.

projects specific sensory and motor cortices and association cortices

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12
Q

75% of thalamic neurons are ___________

A

projection neurons

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13
Q

projection neurons are involved in………. and use…….. neurotransmitter

A

reciprocal cortex-thalamus connection, glutamate

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14
Q

25% of thalamic neurons are ____________ interneurons

A

inhibitory

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15
Q

What structure divides the thalamus into three parts?

A

internal medullary lamina

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16
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the thalamus?

A

anterior, medial, lateral group

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17
Q

What are the subdivisions of the lateral portion of the thalamus?

A

dorsal tier, ventral tier, and pulvinar

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18
Q

anterior nucleus of the thalamus is the….

A

limbic relay system
input: from hippocampus
output: to cingulate gyrus

role in: memory and mood

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19
Q

medial nucleus of the thalamus

A

association nucleus, connect to prefrontal cortex
left dorsomedial nucleus: verbal learning
right dorsomedial nucleus: non-verbal learning

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20
Q

dorsal tier in lateral nucleus of thalamus

A

involved in higher functions of the brain
include:
lateral dorsal nucleus
lateral posterior nucleus
and pulvinar

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21
Q

ventral tier in lateral nucleus of thalamus

A

involved in sensory and motor integration
motor nuclei:
ventral anterior (VA) - input from basal ganglia
ventral lateral (VL) - major motor nucleus
sensory nuclei:
VENTRAL POSTERIOR LATERAL (VPL) - GENERAL SOMATOSENSORY/RECEIVE INPUT FROM OTHER SIDE OF BODY
VENTRAL POSTERIOR MEDIAL (VPM) - INPUT FROM FACE
medial geniculate nuclei - auditory system
lateral geniculate nuclei - visual system

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22
Q

centromedian - parafascicular nuclei

A

involved in generalized pain, that alerts the cortex and evokes the emotional components of pain

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23
Q

reticular nucleus of the thalamus

A
  • continuation of brain stem reticular formation
  • forms a capsule around the thalamus ventrally and laterally
  • “pacemaker”/synchronizes thalamic activity
  • ALLOWS SENSORY INPUT TO REACH CONSCIOUSNESS
  • no projections to cerebral cortex
  • receives input from the cortex and the reticular formation of the brainstem
  • GABAergic nucleus
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24
Q

Most thalamic nuclei are _________ nuclei, 3 are association nuclei

A

relay

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25
Q

What is the cause of thalamic syndrome?

A

occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery branches (specifically thalamogeniculate artery)

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26
Q

symptoms of thalamic syndrome manifest contralaterally or ipsilaterally to the lesion?

A

contralaterally

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27
Q

What are the clinical presentations of thalamic syndrome?

A

*- thalamic pain - exaggeration of the pain due to disruptions in the thalamus, debilitating
- hemianesthesia - loss of sensation in either lateral half of the body
- hemiparesis - unilateral paresis
- sensory ataxia - lack of coordination due to dysfunction in sensory input to motor areas

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28
Q

components of the telecephalon

A

two hemispheres: each have
- outer cerebral cortex
- subcortical white matter (corona radiata and internal capsule)
- basal ganglia (controls movement)
- corpus callosum (connects 2 hemispheres)
- lateral ventricles
- 1st cranial nerve

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29
Q

sulci

A

indentations into the outer cortex/delimitate gyri

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30
Q

what is the deepest sulcus?

A

lateral fissure/sulcus

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31
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

deep, unique to primate, the primary visual cortex is found along its banks

32
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

role in emotion processing and behavior regulation, connected to both the “emotional” lymbic system and the “cognitive” prefronal cortex

33
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

involved in spatial memory and navigation

34
Q

uncus

A

part of the parahippocampal gyrus, hook shaped most inner part of the temporal gyrus

35
Q

fornix

A

large c-shaped, under the cc, connects the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus

36
Q

brodmann’s areas

A

functional numbers for gyri

37
Q

3,2,1

A

post central gyrus
primary somatosensory

38
Q

4

A

precentral gyrus
primary motor

39
Q

6

A

premotor, supplementary motor

40
Q

17

A

primary visual

41
Q

41

A

primary auditory

42
Q

44 and 45

A

motor speech

43
Q

corpus callosum connects…

A

camparable areas of the hemispheres

44
Q

carpus callosum is..

A

largest cerebral commissure
allows info to be transmitted from one cerebral hemi to the other
enables bilateral memory storage

45
Q

3 core components of the diencephalon and telencephalon

A
  • thalamus (dorsal)
  • basal ganglia (nuclei)
  • internal capsule: collection of fibers ascending to or descending from cerebral cortex
46
Q

components of the basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • lentiform nucleus
  • associated structure: substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
47
Q

caudate nucleus

A
  • component of basal ganglia
  • “c” shaped nucleus
  • follows path of lateral ventricle
  • located in lateral wall of lateral ventricle
48
Q

lentiform nucleus

A
  • putamen
    -globus pallidus (internal and external)
49
Q

striatum

A

caudate nucleus + putamen

50
Q

carpus stratum

A

caudate + putamen + globus pallidus

51
Q

Internal capsule (IC)

A

a massive collection of axons that are either going to (ascending) or coming from (descending) the cerebral cortex that pass between portions of the basal ganglia and thalamus

52
Q

subdivision of internal capsule

A
  • ant. limb
  • post. limb
  • genu:
  • sublenticular
  • retrolenticular
53
Q

anterior limb of IC

A
  • located: between the head of the caudate and the lentiform nucleus
  • contains:
    frontopontine fibers
    efferents to cingulate gyrus
    efferents to the prefrontal gyrus
54
Q

genu of the IC

A

contains:
frontopontine
VA/VL cortocothalamic fibers
some corticobulbar fibers

55
Q

posterior limb of IC

A
  • located: between the thalamus and lentiform nucleus
  • ascending fibers:
    thalamocortical radiations
  • descending fibers:
    corticospinal
    corticopontine
    corticothalamic
    corticoreticular

corticorubral
corticoolivary
corticobulbar

56
Q

rentrolenticular part of IC

A

-location: posterior to lentiform n
- fibers:
motor - parietal lobe corticopontine fibers
sensory - optic radiation fibers (damage causes visual field defects)

57
Q

sublenticular part of IC

A
  • location: under lentiform n
  • fibers:
    auditory radiations
58
Q

What is the blood supply to IC

A

perforating branches of ACA and MCA

59
Q

what is the blood supply to the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

internal carotid artery system

60
Q

what is the blood supply to the brainstem, cerebellum, parts of the occip/temp lobes, and diencephalon?

A

vertebral-basilar artery system VBA

61
Q

ICA and VBA join at the

A

circle of willis

62
Q

the perforating branches of the circle of willis supply

A

deep cerebral structures

63
Q

blood supply to the anterior limb of IC

A

mainly lenticulostriate branches of MCA
less branches of ACA

64
Q

blood supply to the genu of IC

A

lenticulostriate branches of MCA

65
Q

blood supply to the posterior limb of IC

A

lenticulostriate branches of MCA and ant. choroidal artery (branch of ICA)

66
Q

segments of middle cerebral artery MCA

A

lenticulostriate artery (LSA) and M1

67
Q

M1 supplies

A

medial temporal lobe and LSA

68
Q

Where do aneurysms of the MCA frequently occur?

A

bifurcation of M1 trunks

69
Q

association fibers establish connections between the _________ hemisphere

A

same

70
Q

short association fibers….

A

connect adjacent gyri

71
Q

long association fibers….

A

connect lobes

72
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects broca’s and qernicke’s areas, which are involved in producing and understanding language

73
Q

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF)

A

bidirectional tract involved in processing and modulating visual cues and thus in visually guided decisions and bahaviors

74
Q

uncinate fasciculus (UF)

A

connects parts of the limbic system with the orbitofrontal cortex, its function is unknown, one of the last white matter tracts to mature in the human brain

75
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest side-to-sode interconnections between the two hemispheres, connects analogous areas in the two hemispheres

76
Q

anterior commissure

A

anterior to corpus callosum
- connects the olfactory bulbs, amygdala and the medial and inferior temporal lobes

77
Q

posterior commissure

A

posterior to corpus callosum
- fibers connect areas in the occipital lobes, primarily areas controlling pupillary response and eye movement

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