Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Exam Three - Plasticity > Flashcards

Exam Three - Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to change and adapt itself as a result of one’s experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the process of experience dependent changes in synaptic connectivity is called

A

synaptic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

10 principles of neuroplasticity

A

1 - use it or lose it
2 - use it and improve it
3 - specificity
4 - repetition matters
5 - intensity
6 - time
7 - slience
8 - age
9 - generalization
10 - interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 ways for the brain to change

A

1 - neurogenesis
2 - synaptogenesis
3 - strengthened synapses LTP
4 - weakened synapses LTD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 primary vesicles of brain development

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the secondary brain vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the development of neurons in the brain involved these 6 processes

A

1 - proliferation
2 - migration
3 - differentiation
4 - pruning
5 - myelination
6 - synaptogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proliferation

A

production of new cells/neurons primarily occurs early in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

migration

A

movement of newly formed neurons to their eventual location **radial glia help guide the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

differentiation

A

forming of the axon and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

do axons or dendrites grow first

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

programmed cell death/pruning results from..

A

a surplus of neurons relative to target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does myelination occur first

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neurogenesis ->__________ -> competitive inhibition

A

synaptogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

this occurs during synaptogenesis and competitive elimination

A

dendritic and axonal arborization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

monocular deprivation experiment

A

one eye of a newborn kitten was closed after birth for 2 months. no cells received input from both eyes while the control group did. connections between the good eye and the brain became stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what was the conclusion of the monocular deprivation experiment

A

deprivation of one eye early in life lead to a physical rewiring of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what neurotransmitter triggers the onset of critical periods

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what age is the end of the critical periof

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

multimodal association areas in ________, ________, and _______- lobes mature last

A

parietal, frontal, temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

this is important for learning and memory by converting short term memory to more permanent memory

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F: the hippocampus is for storage

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

these 3 things control emotional or behavioral memories

A

amygdala, striatum, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

declarative memory

A

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory, knowledge that can be declared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 types of declarative memory

A

semantic and episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

semantic memory

A

cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts about the world, such as word definitions, how to add or subtract, name of capitals, dates of historical events and their meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

episodic memory

A

unique representations of personal experiments

28
Q

this is a temporary form of declarative memory

A

working memory

29
Q

what are the stages of memory

A

sensory, short term, long term

30
Q

this provides neural basis for short term memory

A

reverberating circuits

31
Q

the prefrontal cortex is anterior to _______ and ______ cortex

A

primary motor and premotor

32
Q

function of prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions, planning, decision making, personality, social behavior

33
Q

T or F: spatial memory is a form of declarative memory

A

true

34
Q

spatial memory

A

memory for the physical environment, it includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps

35
Q

place cells

A

neurons maximally responsive to specific locations in the worldt

36
Q

these cells are pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus

A

place cells

37
Q

grid cells

A

entorhinal neurons that allow brain to track position in space when external cues are absent

38
Q

______- cells know the location while ____ cells know how to get from one place to another

A

place, grid

39
Q

T or F: grid cells represent locations

A

F

40
Q

CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit and gives output to the entorhinal cortex via

A

subiculum

41
Q

CA2 receives input from the entorhinal cortex via the

A

perforant path

42
Q

CA3 receives input from

A

mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus

43
Q

this is the pacemaker of the hippocampus

A

CA3

44
Q

CA3 project to regions CA2 and CA1 via

A

schaffer collaterals

45
Q

long-term potentiation

A

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Fire together wire together

46
Q

long term depression

A

a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized
fire out of sync, lose the link

47
Q

encoding new long term memory involved persistent changes in (5)

A

1 - number of synapses
2 - shape of synapses
3 - amount of neurotransmitter release
4 - number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
5 - gene expression that facilitates long term changes in synaptic structure

48
Q

CREB

A

protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories

49
Q

memory consolidation consists of these 2 specific processes

A

synaptic consolidation
system consolidation

50
Q

declarative memories are encoded in the ___ then transferred to the ________ lobe for long term storage and consolidation

A

hippcampus
frontal

51
Q

what are some possible causes of brain damage

A

1 - tumors
2 - infections
3 - exposure to toxic substances
4 - neurodegenerative disorders
5 - stroke
6 - close head injuries

52
Q

3 types of strokes

A

ischemia, embolic, hemorrhagic

53
Q

T or F: some mechanisms of recovery after damage are similar to mechanisms of brain development

A

T

54
Q

T or F: If the soma is damaged it can be replaced

A

F: apoptosis occurs

55
Q

2 barriers to axonal growth after CNS injury

A

glia scar
myelin associated inhibitors

56
Q

Tor F: CNS axons grow back quicker than PNS

A

F

57
Q

Axonal sprouting

A

undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed

58
Q

after damage postsynaptic cells deprived of synaptic inputs develop _________ to neurotransmitters

A

increased sensitivity

59
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A

sharp increase of sensitivity to postsynaptic membranes to neurotransmitters after denervation

60
Q

disuse hypersensitivity

A

target cells on losing neural input through either denervation or chronic application of an antagonist, produce more than the normal number of receptors, resulting in an exaggerated response when a neurotransmitter is applied

61
Q

phantom pain caused by

A

map expansion neuroplasticity in which local brain regions acquire areas of unused phantom map

62
Q

difference in repaire/regeneration in the CNS vs PNS

A

PNS = axon regeneration, growth factors from schwann cells
CNS = gets rid of axon, growth inhibiting factors

63
Q

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS do not promote growth and secrete a growth inhibiting factor when damaged called

A

NOGO-A

64
Q

T or F: mature differentiated neurons divide

A

F

65
Q

in mammals new nerve cell production is restricted to these 2 areas

A

1 - olfactory bulb
2 - dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Note: all are interneurons

Neuroscience (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions