Exam Three - Plasticity Flashcards
neuroplasticity
the ability of the brain to change and adapt itself as a result of one’s experience
the process of experience dependent changes in synaptic connectivity is called
synaptic plasticity
10 principles of neuroplasticity
1 - use it or lose it
2 - use it and improve it
3 - specificity
4 - repetition matters
5 - intensity
6 - time
7 - slience
8 - age
9 - generalization
10 - interference
4 ways for the brain to change
1 - neurogenesis
2 - synaptogenesis
3 - strengthened synapses LTP
4 - weakened synapses LTD
3 primary vesicles of brain development
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
what are the secondary brain vesicles
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
the development of neurons in the brain involved these 6 processes
1 - proliferation
2 - migration
3 - differentiation
4 - pruning
5 - myelination
6 - synaptogenesis
proliferation
production of new cells/neurons primarily occurs early in life
migration
movement of newly formed neurons to their eventual location **radial glia help guide the neurons
differentiation
forming of the axon and dendrites
do axons or dendrites grow first
axons
programmed cell death/pruning results from..
a surplus of neurons relative to target
where does myelination occur first
spinal cord
neurogenesis ->__________ -> competitive inhibition
synaptogenesis
this occurs during synaptogenesis and competitive elimination
dendritic and axonal arborization
monocular deprivation experiment
one eye of a newborn kitten was closed after birth for 2 months. no cells received input from both eyes while the control group did. connections between the good eye and the brain became stronger
what was the conclusion of the monocular deprivation experiment
deprivation of one eye early in life lead to a physical rewiring of the brain
what neurotransmitter triggers the onset of critical periods
GABA
what age is the end of the critical periof
5
multimodal association areas in ________, ________, and _______- lobes mature last
parietal, frontal, temporal
this is important for learning and memory by converting short term memory to more permanent memory
hippocampus
T or F: the hippocampus is for storage
false
these 3 things control emotional or behavioral memories
amygdala, striatum, cerebellum
declarative memory
the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory, knowledge that can be declared
2 types of declarative memory
semantic and episodic
semantic memory
cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts about the world, such as word definitions, how to add or subtract, name of capitals, dates of historical events and their meaning
episodic memory
unique representations of personal experiments
this is a temporary form of declarative memory
working memory
what are the stages of memory
sensory, short term, long term
this provides neural basis for short term memory
reverberating circuits
the prefrontal cortex is anterior to _______ and ______ cortex
primary motor and premotor
function of prefrontal cortex
executive functions, planning, decision making, personality, social behavior
T or F: spatial memory is a form of declarative memory
true
spatial memory
memory for the physical environment, it includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps
place cells
neurons maximally responsive to specific locations in the worldt
these cells are pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus
place cells
grid cells
entorhinal neurons that allow brain to track position in space when external cues are absent
______- cells know the location while ____ cells know how to get from one place to another
place, grid
T or F: grid cells represent locations
F
CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit and gives output to the entorhinal cortex via
subiculum
CA2 receives input from the entorhinal cortex via the
perforant path
CA3 receives input from
mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus
this is the pacemaker of the hippocampus
CA3
CA3 project to regions CA2 and CA1 via
schaffer collaterals
long-term potentiation
gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Fire together wire together
long term depression
a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized
fire out of sync, lose the link
encoding new long term memory involved persistent changes in (5)
1 - number of synapses
2 - shape of synapses
3 - amount of neurotransmitter release
4 - number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
5 - gene expression that facilitates long term changes in synaptic structure
CREB
protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories
memory consolidation consists of these 2 specific processes
synaptic consolidation
system consolidation
declarative memories are encoded in the ___ then transferred to the ________ lobe for long term storage and consolidation
hippcampus
frontal
what are some possible causes of brain damage
1 - tumors
2 - infections
3 - exposure to toxic substances
4 - neurodegenerative disorders
5 - stroke
6 - close head injuries
3 types of strokes
ischemia, embolic, hemorrhagic
T or F: some mechanisms of recovery after damage are similar to mechanisms of brain development
T
T or F: If the soma is damaged it can be replaced
F: apoptosis occurs
2 barriers to axonal growth after CNS injury
glia scar
myelin associated inhibitors
Tor F: CNS axons grow back quicker than PNS
F
Axonal sprouting
undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed
after damage postsynaptic cells deprived of synaptic inputs develop _________ to neurotransmitters
increased sensitivity
denervation hypersensitivity
sharp increase of sensitivity to postsynaptic membranes to neurotransmitters after denervation
disuse hypersensitivity
target cells on losing neural input through either denervation or chronic application of an antagonist, produce more than the normal number of receptors, resulting in an exaggerated response when a neurotransmitter is applied
phantom pain caused by
map expansion neuroplasticity in which local brain regions acquire areas of unused phantom map
difference in repaire/regeneration in the CNS vs PNS
PNS = axon regeneration, growth factors from schwann cells
CNS = gets rid of axon, growth inhibiting factors
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS do not promote growth and secrete a growth inhibiting factor when damaged called
NOGO-A
T or F: mature differentiated neurons divide
F
in mammals new nerve cell production is restricted to these 2 areas
1 - olfactory bulb
2 - dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Note: all are interneurons
